운동, 스포츠 과학 Sports sciences/야구 Baseball

OPS(타자), WHIP(투수), WAR, 야구 기록

Jobs 9 2020. 9. 26. 13:43
반응형

타자의 경우 타율을, 투수의 경우 평균자책점(방어율)을 중요시하는 시대에서... WAR , OPS(타자), WHIP(투수)를 더 중요시 하는 현대 야구



● WAR 



WAR은 Wins Above Replacement 한국말로 대체 선수 대비 승리기여도이다. 즉, 선수가 팀의 승리에 몇 승만큼 기여했는지 직관적으로 볼 수 있는 기록이다. 여기서 의문이 발생된다. 그럼 대체 선수는 뭐지?

‘대체 선수’란 하위리그에서 언제든지 승격 시켜 기존선수를 대체할 수 있는 선수를 뜻한다. WAR은 ‘대체 선수’가 기여하는 승수가 0승이라고 놓고 그에 비해서 얼마만큼 승수에 기여했는지 정의한다. 이러한 대체 선수들을 기준점으로 삼는다.

즉, WAR이 0인 선수들로만 이루어진 야구팀은 0승을 기록한다는 뜻이 아니다. 대체 선수들로만 이루어진 팀도 승률 3할 정도를 기록한다고 하니 144경기 체제인 KBO에선 약 48승, 162경기 체제인 MLB에선 약 49승을 할 것이다. 여기에 각 선수의 승리기여도를 더해가다 보면 팀이 실제로 기록한 승수를 볼 수 있다.

타자
이러한 계산법을 통해 매우 간편하게 어느 자리에 어떤 선수로 대체할 경우 몇 승을 더 할 수 있는지 간단하게 알 수 있다. 예를 들어 60승을 한 팀에 WAR이 0인 1루수가 있다. 만약 트레이드로 이전 시즌에 WAR 5를 기록한 1루수를 데려온다면 다음 시즌에는 약 65승을 올릴 것을 예상할 수 있다. 이처럼 WAR은 다른 기록에 비해서 매우 획기적이고 직관적인 계산법을 적용할 수 있다. 장점은 이뿐만이 아니다.

OPS 0.8인 선수와 OPS 1.0인 선수의 기여도는 얼마나 차이가 나는가? 묻는다면 대답하기 매우 어려울 것이다. (오해하지 말아야 할 점은 절대 1.25배가 아니다. 2군에서 어떤 선수를 올려도 OPS 0에 가까운 성적은 불가능에 가깝다.) 하지만 WAR이 2인 선수와 4인 선수를 비교한다면? 당연히 2승을 기여한 선수보다 4승을 기여한 선수가 기여도면에서 2배다. 그렇다면 가치도 기여도에 비례하여 당연히 2배이다.

간단하지 않은가? 이처럼 선수의 현재 가치판단이 매우 수월해지고 팀의 승리를 위해서 어떤 선수로 교체해야 할지 영입 시 얼마의 돈을 지출해야 하는지 매우 명쾌해진다.

일반적으로 구단들도 선수를 영입할 때 이 수치를 크게 벗어나지 않는다. 각 팀에선 향후 기록할 WAR을 계산하고 그 수치에 맞춰서 계약을 한다. MLB 기록사이트 fangraph에서는 WAR 1당 가치가 1050만 달러라는 글을 쓰기도 했다.

WAR이라는 기록이 정말 완벽해 보이지 않는가?

다만 WAR에도 큰 단점이 있다. 타자의 경우 타격, 포지션, 수비, 주루 그리고 투수의 경우 피칭, 수비 심지어 구장의 파크팩터(구장별 크기, 환경 차이에 대한 보정 수치)와 프레이밍(포수가 글러브 움직임으로 포수를 속이는 행위)까지 모두 계산해야 하여 구하기 매우 복잡하다. 심지어 fwar(fangraphs WAR)이나 bwar(baseball-reference WAR)처럼 어느 곳에서 계산하냐에 따라 기준과 계산 방법이 모두 달라 수치가 다르게 나온다.

하지만 WAR은 이러한 단점들에도 불구하고 그 모든 것을 합했다는 것 그리고 매우 직관적이라는 것만으로 큰 의미가 있다. 무엇보다 이 활용도 높은 수치를 대체할 수 있는 스탯 같은 건 존재하지 않는다.

이러한 이유로 WAR은 현재도 명실상부 누적 스탯의 끝판왕, 현대 세이버메트릭스에서 가장 중요한 스탯인 것이다.

 



● OPS

OPS는 On-base percentage Plus Slugging percentage의 약자이다.

On-base는 출루를 의미하고 Slugging은 장타를 의미하는 야구 용어인데, 즉 '출루율 + 장타율'을 합쳐서 OPS라고 하는 것이다.
 

출루율(On-base perchentage, OBP)

출루율은 경기에서 타자가 얼마나 살아서 나갔느냐를 따지는 비율이다.

5번 타석에 들어서서 총 4번 살아 나갔다면  4/5 = 0.8이 출루율이 되는 것이다. 그러나 타자가 출루를 하는 방법에는 여러가지가 있다.
안타, 볼넷, 몸에 맞는 볼이 있다. 하지만 OPS 출루율에서 몸에 맞는 공은 제외한다.

위의 방법으로 출루한 횟수를 전체 타석에 들어선 횟수로 나누면 출루율

 

안타+볼넷/타석 = 출루율    

 

※ 타석과 타수의 차이 : 볼넷과 희생플라이 희생번트를 제외한 모든 경우를 타수라고 하고, 타석은 그 경기에 나온 횟수 전체를 말한다. 

 

장타율(Slugging percentage, SLG)

장타율 장타(2,3루타, 홈런)를 쳤을 때의 비율을 나타내는 것이라 생각하시 쉽다. 그러나 야구에서 장타율은 1루타도 포함하게 된다.
1루타를 안타 1개, 2루타를 안타 2개, 3루타를 안타 3개, 홈런은 안타 4개를 친것으로 간주 한 계산법이다.

A선수는 5번 타석 중에 1루타만 2번 쳤다면 2×(1) / 5 로 장타율은 0.4가 된다.(타율도 똑같이 0.4이다)
B선수는 5번 타석 중에 홈런 1개만 쳤다면  1×(4) / 5 가 되면서 장타율이 0.8이 된다. (타율은 0.2!!!)

타율과 같이 얼마나 많은 안타를 때렸는냐가 아니라, 타격으로 얼마나 많은 수의 루에 진루했는가를 측정하는 거라고 보면 되는 것.

그런 이유로 타율은 1보다 크게 나올 수 없지만, 장타율은 1을 넘을 수도 있다. 장타율의 최고값은 전타석에서 홈런을 치면 4가 되므로 그 값이 4.0이 최고 값이다. 


(1루타수×1)+(2루타수×2)+(3루타수×3)+(홈런수×4)/타수 = 장타율 

 

결국 OPS는 이 두 값(출루율 + 장타율)을 더한 값인데.


OPS는 출루를 해서 홈을 밟을 확률과 장타를 쳐서 홈에 불러들일 확률이 높다는 가치이므로 타자의 능력을 상대적으로 비교를 할 수 있는 수치가 되는 것이다. OPS가 1.0이 넘는다면 리그를 대표하는 최고수준의 타자를 의미하기도 한다.

다만, OPS 수치의 약점은 단타를 많이 치는 선수들보다 장타 또는 홈런을 치는 타자에게 매우 유리하다는 것이므로 힘있는 타자에게 유리한 경우이다.    




● WHIP

WHIP(Walks plus hits divided by Innings Pitched)의 줄임말로 투수가 이닝당 타자를 출루 시키는 출루 허용률로, 야구에서 투수의 성적 평가 항목 중 하나로, 피안타 수와 사사구 수를 투구 이닝으로 나눈 수치를 말한다.(Walks plus Hits은 안타와 볼넷, 고의사구를 포함하며 몸에 맞는 볼은 포함시키지 않고, 수비수의 실책도 포함하지 않는다)  

 

일반적인 투수는 1~1.4 정도되며, 그 보다 높을수록 좋지 않는 투구를... 낮을수록 좋은 투구를 했다고 볼 수 있다. 


한 이닝에 몇 명의 주자를 내 보냈는지 나타내며(이닝당 1.00이면 1이닝에 주자 하나를 내보내는 것과 같다), 메이저리그 야구에서는 공식 기록으로 활용될 정도로 중요한 요소이다.


(피안타 갯수 + 사구) / 이닝수 = WHIP
   

※ 사구와 사사구 차이 
4(四)구는 볼 넷(base on balls)을 의미하며, 사사(四死)구라고 표현할 때는 4구와 死구가 포함된(base on balls+hit by pitched ball)다.


What Is WAR?

WAR is an advanced baseball player statistic that attempts to capture the totality of each player’s contributions to the team.

Each player’s WAR value estimates the number of wins their efforts add to the team throughout the season vs a replacement player.

To think of it another way, WAR attempts to combine several individual statistics to provide a single number that answers the crucial question: ‘if this player were injured tomorrow and replaced with a standard AAA player brought up from the farm, how much impact would this have on the team’s ability to win?’

WAR is one of the only statistics that attempts to estimate a player’s outcomes across more than one specific skill.  Of course, it’s very tricky to calculate a single number that can be used to compare players across positions, styles of play, and two leagues with significantly different rules.

The degree to which you believe this type of aggregation is possible will likely determine how you feel about using WAR to inform your baseball betting strategy.

How Is WAR Calculated?

Because it attempts to shed light on all elements of a player’s performance, there are a head-spinning number of inputs to consider when calculating WAR.

To further complicate the matter, there’s also minor disagreement about the formula itself. Both Baseball-Reference and Fan Graphs have their own respective versions, which tend to deliver very similar but rarely identical numbers.

Even the creators acknowledge the inherent difficulty of the task at hand:

There is no one way to determine WAR. There are hundreds of steps to make this calculation, and dozens of places where reasonable people can disagree on the best way to implement a particular part of the framework. – Baseball-Reference.com

And while the individual steps vary between the major statisticians, there is one crucial component of the equation they both agree on…

How Good Is a ‘Replacement’ Player?

Defining the skill level of a standard ‘replacement’ player is obviously necessary to calculate WAR. Luckily, the two major statistical outlets who formulate and track WAR agreed to standardize this part of the calculation in 2013.

The agreed-upon replacement level is equivalent to a .294 winning percentage or 47.7 wins over a full season. With both statistical powerhouses reaching an armistice on this element of WAR, bettors now see less variation between the Wins Above Replacement values at each site.

반응형