토익 어휘 어원 분석#03

fore : beforehand(이전에, 미리, 벌써) front(정면의, 앞의, 맨앞의), before(<때, 위치, 순서를 나타내어> 전에, 앞에, 먼저)

 

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사 (ante-, pre-, pro-, fore-)

 

forearm ; 팔뚝, 미리 무장하다, 미리 대비하다

 

forebear ; ancestor, forefather - descendant

 

fore + be(to exist or be) + er(one who is)

 

foreboding<bode ; 징조가되다> ; misgiving(의심, 걱정, 불안, 염려), presentiment(예감, 육감)

 

forecast(예상되는 것<기후, 자연현상>에 대한 예상, 예측, 예보)

prediction(과거의 사실, 경험 등에 입각한 추론에 의해 예언하는 것)

prophecy(예언, 예언서) <cast ; 던지다, 계산하다> downcast(풀이 죽은, 기가 꺽인, 낙심한 ; dejected, discouraged)

 

foretell(예언, 예지하다의 가장 일반적인 말)

 

foresee(예견하다, 미리 알아차리다)

 

forefront ; 맨 앞, 선두

 

foregoing ; preceding(앞서는, 앞의, 앞서 말한)

 

foremost ; leading, principal, chief(맨 처음의, 으뜸 가는, 주요한)

 

foreshadow ; indicate beforehand(<신이> 예시하다, 전조가 되다, 징조를 보이다)

 

foresight(선견지명, 장래에의 대비) ; prudence(신중, 조심, 검약, 절약) - hindsight(in - ; 지나고 나서 보니까)

 

foreword(머리말, 서문<특히 저자 이외의 사람이 쓴>)

preface(서문, 서언, 머리말 ; 본론과는 독립하여 책의 목적, 구성 등에 대해 해설한 것)

introduction(책의 일부를 형성하고 그 내용에 관한 정식적인 예비적 해설)

 

forehead(brow ; 이마)

foretaste(미리 맛보다)

foreground(<경치, 그림의> 전경 - background)

forefinger(집게손가락 the index -, the first -, )

the middle -

the ring -

the little -

thumb

foreman(십장, 현장주임)

 

 

 

mis : bad, badly, wrong, wrongly

 

* "잘못, 경멸"의 접두사

 

misbelief(그릇된 확신, 의견)

 

misdeed(나쁜 짓, 악행, 범죄)

 

misgiving(의심, 걱정, 불안, 염려 ; 종종 -s ; uneasy feeling)

 

misfire(불발, 빗나감, 실패, n.v)

 

mishap(사고, 재난, 불상사 ; misfortune, misadventure, mischance, unlucky accident)

 

mislay(잘못 두다, 둔 곳을 잊다 ; lose)

 

mislead(오도하다, 속이다 ; misguide, deceive, delude, beguile)

 

misstep(과실, 실수, 실족 <여자가> 몸을 그르침)

 

mistake(잘못, 틀림, 착오, 착각, 오해)

error(잘못, 실수를 나타내는 가장 일반적인 말)

mistake(해석, 판단의 잘못)

blunder(<큰> 실수로 비난의 뜻이 들어있다)

slip(부주의에 의한 가벼운 실수)

 

misapprehend(오해하다 ; misunderstand, misinterpret <오역하다 ; misread>),

 

misinform(오보를 전하다, 오해시키다),

 

misjudge(오심, 오진하다), misprint(오식하다 n.v),

 

mischief(해악, 손해, 재해, 화 ; harm, injury, damage)

 

miscalculate(잘못 계산하다),

 

misbehave(못되게 굴다)

 

mistreat(학대, 혹사하다),

 

misuse(오용, 학대, 혹사하다),

 

misapply(잘못 적용, 오용, 악용하다),

 

mistrust(의심하다 ; doubt n, v), misspell,

 

misbirth(유산 ; abortion)

 

 

out : beyond, out, more than, longer(faster, better) than

 

* "어떤 일을 - 보다 더 좋게, 빨리, 많이, 길게 하다"를 뜻하는 접두사

 

outgrow(보다 더 커지다, 빨리 자라나다, <성장하여> <습관, 취미 등을> 벗어나다, 버리다)

 

outlandish(이국풍의, 기이한 ; strange, fantastic),

 

outlook(조망, 경치, 광경, 전망, 예측, 망보기, 경계, 망루)

 

outlast(outlive),

 

last ; 지속, 존속하다, 견디다. 오래가다.

 

outwit(- 보다 한 수 더 뜨다),

 

outsider(문외한, 국외자, 외부인),

 

output(생산, 산출, 생산고, 출력 - input(입력, 투입<량>),

 

outrun(달려서 이기다<앞서다>, 도가 지나치다)

 

outspoken(솔직한, 노골적인),

frank ; 사람, 의견, 태도등이 솔직한

outspoken ; 버릇없다고 할 정도로 거침없이 말하는

open ; 공공연하고 솔직한

 

outnumber(-보다 수적으로 우세하다),

 

outshine(- 보다 더 빛나다, 우세하다),

 

outweigh(- 보다 더 무겁다, 능가하다, 중대하다), outclass(- 보다 고급이다, 뛰어나다),

 

outdo(- 보다 낫다, 능가하다, 이기다),

outlive(- 보다 오래 살다, <곤란 등을> 극복하다)

outcome(결과, 성과)

outdoor(옥외의, 야외의)

outward(외면상의, 외면적인, 밖으로 향하는)

out-of-date(구식의, 낡은 ; outmoded, outdated - up-to-date)

out of stock

out of town

out of print(절판된<책>)

out of order

out of work(실직중인)

 

outbreak(<전쟁, 화재>발발, 돌발, 폭동, 소요), outburst(폭발, 분출, 쏟아져 나옴),

 

outstanding(눈에 띄는, 두드러진, 현저한),

 

outlet(출구, 방출구, 배출구, 소매점),

 

outset(착수, 시초, 발단 ; start),

 

outlaw(무법자, 불량배, 상습범 ; criminal),

 

O.P.D.(외래환자 병동 ; outpatient department), outskirts(변두리, 교외 ; borders or outlying parts)

 

* on (at, in) the - of - ; -의 변두리에

 

over : too, excessively, over, beyond

* "초과", "초월"을 뜻하는 접두사

 

(hyper-, para-, super-, sur-, trans-, ultra-, up-)

 

overbearing(건방진, 거만한, 위압적인 ; masterful<거드름 피우는>, forcing others to one's will, inclined to dictate),

bear ; 운반하다, 지탱하다, 견디다, 처신, 행동하다, 낳다

 

overburden(지나친 짐<부담> ; n.v. burden too heavily)

overgenerous

oversupply(과잉공급 n.v),

 

overconfident(너무 믿는, 자부심이 강한)

 

overdose(과량복용, 과잉투여 n, v),

dose ; (약의) 1회 분량, 복용량 n, v

 

overestimate(n.v. underestimte),

estimate ; 견적, 평가, 추정 n, v

 

overshadow(그늘지게하다, 무색하게하다 ; outshine, throw a shadow over, outweigh)

overwhelm(압도하다, 전복시키다 ; overpower, overthrow)

overcome(이기다, 압도하다 ; conquer),

 

overrule(<결정, 방침, 논의 등을 권세로> 뒤엎다, 무효로 하다 ; decide against),

 

overeat(과식하다 / vomit, throw up, bring up), overflow(넘치다, 범람하다, 가득차다),

 

overhear(<상대방이 모르게> 우연히 듣다, 엿듣다, 도청하다 ; hear by chance),

eavesdrop ; 의도적으로 상대방의 대화를 엿듣다

 

oversee(감독<감시>하다, 두루 살피다),

 

oversleep, overwork(과로, 과도한 노동 n, v), overheat(과열, 과도의 흥분 n, v),

 

overdue(지불기한이 넘은, 늦은, 연착한 ; delayed),

overlook(감독<감시>하다, 못보고 지나치다, 대충보다 ; supervise, have a view of from above, neglect),

overturn(전복, 타도, 붕괴 n.v. collapse),

overseas(adv.adj.n. - base, an - Chinese),

overtake(따라잡다, 추월하다, 만회하다 ; come or catch up with),

overlap(겹치다, 포개다, 중복되다), overcrowd(사람을 너무 많이 수용하다, 혼잡하다), overpopulation,

overbook(예약을 너무 많이 받다),

overdress(지나치게 몸치장을 하다 ; - oneself),

overcooked,

overexpose,

overload(과적, 과부하 n, v),

overproduce,

oversensitive,

overspend(돈을 낭비하다),

overstay,

overdrink,

overact(overdo, exaggerate),

overkill(n.v.nuclear capacity greatly exceeding what is needed to exterminate the enemy)

 

 

5. un : not, lack of, do the opposite of, remove or release from

 

* "부정", "반대" 또는 "결여"를 나타내는 접두사

 

(a-, in-, non-, un-)

 

* "반대(또는 적대)"와 "대조"를 뜻하는 접두사

 

(anti-, contra-, counter-, dis- ob-)

 

 

unabridged(complete),

* abridge ; 요약(단축)하다, 줄이다

 

unbiased(fair),

* bias ; 성향, 선입견, 편견, 치우침

unconcern(무관심, 태연, 냉담 ; indifference),

 

* concern ; 관계하다, 관심을 갖다, 염려하다

 

 

undeceive(잘못을 깨닫게 하다),

* deceive ; 속이다

unnerve(낙담시키다, 무기력하게 하다 ; upset),

 

* nerve ; 신경, 용기, 기력, 정신력, 힘을 주다, 용기를 북돋우다, 격려하다

 

 

unquenchable(억제할 수 없는)

 

* quench : satisfy, slake

 

 

unscramble(<흩어진 것을> 제대로 챙기다, <암호 등을> 해독하다 ; restore to a form that can be understood),

* scramble ; 뒤섞다, 뒤범벅을 만들다

 

unshackle(shackle ; 족쇄, 수갑, 속박, 구속),

unwary(조심성 없는, 방심한, 경솔한 ; heedless, careless)

* wary ; 신중한, 조심성 있는

unaccustomed(unusual, strange

 

* accustomed ; 익숙한, 길든, 평소의),

 

 

unacquainted(낮선, 생소한

* acquainted ; ( be - with 안면이 있는, 정통한, 친한),

 

 

uncommon(보기드문, 희한한, 진귀한),

unaccountable(설명할 수 없는, 책임이 없는),

unaddressed,

 

 

unconfirmed(확인되지 않은),

unknown,

unable,

unarmed,

unchristian(adj),

unbelief(불신앙, 회의),

unconditional(- surrender),

uncivil(impolite),

 

 

unearth(발굴하다, <새 사실 등을> 밝히다, 폭로하다),

unmask,

uncover(disclose),

unfold(펴다, 펼치다, 표명하다),

undiscovered,

undue(부적당한, 어울리지 않는 ; improper, unfit, unbecoming),

 

 

unfix(떼어내다, 풀다, 끄르다, 늦추다),

untie,

 

unbound(속박이 풀린, 해방된),

 

 

unbounded(한정이 되지 않은, 무한의 ; boundless, limitless),

unconquerable(정복<극복>하기 어려운),

 

 

uneasy(불안한, 어색한, 거북한, 불편한),

 

 

Unidentified Flying Object (U.F.O.),

 

 

untimely(때 아닌, 때에 맞지 않게 adj, adv),

unworthy(가치없는, 하찮은),

unfriendly(an - waitress),

unenlightened(무지한, 미개의),

ungenerous(옹졸한, 비열한, 인색한),

unseen (invisible, unfamiliar),

unmistakable(clear),

unquestionable,

unwilling(reluctant),

unpopular,

unkind(불친절한, 무정한, <날씨가> 사나운, 고약한 ; That's very - of you. the weather proved -.),

unbutton,

unsex(성의 특질을 없애다, 성적 불능을 만들다),

unsay(취소<철회>하다 ; retract),

unlearn(<배운 것을> 잊다, 고쳐 배우다 ; get rid of <ideas, habits etc>, forget),

unclean,

unaffected(영향을 받지 않은, 자연스러운, 진실한),

unavoidable(피하기 어려운, 불가피한 ; avoidable),

unaware(알지 못하는, 모르는 ; aware),

undress(옷을 벗다, 폭로하다),

unbearable(Unbearable lightness of a being)

* bearable ; 견딜 수 있는

 

 

6. under : beneath, lower, insufficient(ly)

 

* "아래", "밑"을 뜻하는 접두사

 

(de-, hypo-, sub-, under-)

underbrush(덤불 ; shrubs, bushes, undergrowth, underwood),

underdeveloped(- countries<후진국>, developing country<개도국>),

 

 

undergraduate(대학생 ;

adj.n), underpayment,

underprivileged(권리가 적은, 혜택받지 못한),

 

* privilege ; 특권, 특전, 혜택

 

underscore(아래에 선을 긋다, 강조하다 ; underline),

undersell(헐값으로, 싸게 팔다),

undersigned(the - ; 서명자),

understatement(삼가서 말함),

understudy(대역을<연습> 하다, 임시 대역 배우, 후보선수 n.v)

underlie(아래에 놓이다, 기초가 되다 ; form the basis of),

underpass(지하도),

undergo(겪다, 경험하다, 당하다 ; experience, pass through),

underground(영: 지하철, 미: 지하도 n.adj),

undertake(<일, 책임을> 맡다, 떠맡다, 착수하다, 보증하다 ; start, affirm, promise),

undertaker(인수인, 청부인, 장의사 ; mortician),

underestimate(overestimate),

underhand(음흉한, 비밀의, 공명정대하지 못한 ; secret, sly, deceitful adj.adv),

undermine(-의 밑을 파다, 모르는 사이에 해치다),

undersize(소형, 보통보다 작음 n.adj),

underspend(overspend),

underwater(adj.n),

underwear(속옷, 내의)

 

 

7. up : up(위로), upward(위쪽으로 향한)

 

 

upcoming(다가오는, 곧 나올 ; approaching),

 

update(최신의 것으로 하다, 갱신하다 n, v),

 

 

upgrade(improve - degrade), upheaval(밀어올림, 융기, 대변동, 격변, 동요 ; commotion),

 

* heave ; 들어올리다, 부풀다, 높아지다,

 

 

upkeep(유지, 보존, 유지비 ; maintenance),

 

upright(똑바로 선, 올바른, 정직한 ; erect adj, n, adv.),

uproot(뿌리뽑다, 몰아내다, 근절하다 ; eradicate, exterminate),

upstart(벼락부자, 건방진 사람 n.v),

upturn(위로 향함, 상승, 호전 ; n.v)

 

 

upset(전복, 뒤집힘, 당황, 역전패 ; overturn n, v),

uprising(<지역적인> 반란, 폭동, 봉기, 상승, 기립, rebellion, revolt),

uphold(받치다, 지탱하다, 유지하다, 지지하다 ; support, approve),

upside down(거꾸로 된, 뒤죽박죽의, 혼란된 ; in disorder ; turn the table -),

upstairs(adj, n, adv)

 

 

8. with : back(뒤로), away(떨어져),

against(-에 대하여)

 

 

withdraw(철수<철회, 인출, 회수, 탈퇴>하다, 물러나다),

withdrawal,

withdrawn(내향적인 ; introverted, unsociable),

withhold(보류하다, 억누르다, 억제하다, 원천징수하다 ; restrain),

 

 

withholding tax(원천과세),

withstand(저항하다, 버티다, 견디어내다 <단순히 반항할 뿐만아니라 그것에 굴복하지 않음을 암시>

resist<현실에 가해진 곤경이나 압력에 대해 적극적으로 반항하다>,

oppose<가장넓은 의미의 반항하다>,

endure),

notwithstanding(despite, in spite of prep, adv, conj)

wither(시들다 ; become dry, faded or dead),

within(-이내에),

without(-없이)

 

 

 

Part II Latin Prefixes

 

: 모든 영어어휘의 약 50% 정도를 차지한다고 여겨지는 라틴어계(어근, 접두어)의 이해는 어휘력향상의 핵심이라고 할 수 있다.

 

 

1. AB-, A-, ABS- : away(멀리), off(떨어져), from(-로 부터)

 

* "분리"를 뜻하는 접두사

(de-, dis-, se-, ab-)

 

abdicate(<왕위, 권리를> 버리다, 포기하다 ; relinquish, surrender)

abduct(유괴하다 ; kidnap)

abhor(I - snakes. * horror)

abnormal(비정상의, 변칙의, 변태적인, 병적인)

anomy(무규범상태, (사회, 도덕적) 무질서 =anomie)

 

* norm(표준, 규범 ; rule, standard), enormous(막대한, 거대한, 극악한)

 

abrasion(<피부의> 찰과상, 마찰, 마모, 연마 ; rubbing, scraping, wearing off)

 

* <radere> ; to scrape

 

* erasion(지움, 삭제, 말소) eraser(지우개)

 

 

abrupt(뜻밖의, 돌연한, 갑작스러운 ; unexpected)

 

* <rumpere> ; to break

 

* erupt(폭발, 분출, 분화하다)

 

disrupt(붕괴, 분열, 혼란, 두절시키다)

corrupt(타락, 부패시키다 adj, v)

 

abscond(도망하다, 자취를 감추다 ; depart secretly, flee)

 

* <condere> ; to hide

 

 

absolve(방면하다, 사면하다 ; acquit, exonerate)

 

abstain(삼가다, 절제하다, 그만두다, 끊다; refrain)

 

* <tenere> ; to hold

 

 

contain(포함하다, <감정 등을>억누르다, 참다)

retain(계속 유지, 간직, 보유하다)

obtain(얻다, 획득하다)

sustain(떠받치다, 지탱하다, 견디다, 유지하다 ; sustenance<생계, 살림>)

entertain(대접, 환대하다)

detain(구류, 유치, 감금, 억류하다)

attain(달성하다, 이루다, 성취하다, 도달하다)

 

averse(반대하는, 할 마음이 없는 ; unwilling)

* <vertere> ; to turn

 

avert(피하다, 막다 :avoid, prevent)

avocation(부업)

 

* absent, absence, absentee vote, absent-minded,

 

abortion(-ism, -ist)

abuse(남용, 오용, 학대, 욕설)

abroad(국외로, 해외에, 널리)

abject(비천한, 비참한, 비열한 miserable, wretched)

 

 

# c, t로 시작되는 단어 -abs

 

abstract(추상, 추출, 발췌하다, 떼어내다 adj. n. vt)

 

<tract : draw. tractor, attract, contract, detract, distract <distracted = mad, frantic>

 

extract,

protract,

subtract

 

# m, p, v, w로 시작되는 단어 - a

amend(make or become better, improve 고치다, 수정하다)

averse(싫어하는, 반대하는)

avert(피하다, 막다), away, apart

 

2. AD- : to(-로), toward(-쪽으로), near

 

* "방향"을 뜻하는 접두사

 

 

adapt(적응, 개조, 개작, 번안, 각색하다 = modify, adjust, <apt = having a tendency, likely to do sth, well suited>)

addicted(havituated)

 

adequate(enough, sufficient)

 

adherent(follower)

 

adjacent(이웃의, 인접한 = lying near, bordering)

 

adjoin(인접하다)

 

adjourn(연기, 폐회, 휴회하다 = defer)

 

advent(come. Seventh-Day Adventist)

 

adversary(opponent, foe)

 

adverse(거스르는, 반대의, 불리한 = hostile, - circumstances<역경>)

 

* adverb

 

adept(숙달한, 정통한<사람> n.<formal> expert, adj.skilled, < ept : 유능한, 솜씨있는 = expert >)

 

adopt(채용, 채택, 양자로 삼다 = take, accept)

 

advertise

 

advice(see)

 

administer(관리, 시행, 운영, 통치, 투여하다 = control, manage, apply)

 

advocate(주장, 변호, 옹호하다 = support)

 

# c, k 앞 ac

 

accord(일치, 조화, 협정, 조약 ; n. v.)

 

accommodate (편의를 도모하다, 수용하다)

 

accede(assent, agree)

 

access(접근, 출입, 입수, 이용), accessible

 

accompany(동반, 동행, 수행하다)

 

accustom(make used to)

 

acknowledge

 

# g 앞 ag

 

aggress,

aggressive,

aggressor

 

progress, regress(후퇴, 역행, 퇴보 ; n. v)

 

aggrieve(괴롭히다, 고통을 주다 = injure, offend, be hurt in one's feelings)

 

* grieve(cause grief to, feel grief n.grief<deep or violent sorrow>)

 

 

3. ANTE- : before

4. POST- : after

 

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사 (ante-, fore-, pre-, pro-)

 

* "뒤"를 뜻하는 접두사 (post-, re-, retro-)

 

 

antecede,

antecedents(ancestor),

antedate(precede), postdate,

ante meridiem,

post meridiem,

anteroom (곁방, 입구의 작은 방, 대기실 = antechamber, waiting room),

postgraduate(adj, n),

postmortem (adj, n = autopsy),

postscript(추신, 후기 P.S.)

 

*

antenatal(prenatal-postnatal),

anticipate(expect),

anticipation(예상, 예측, 기대, 앞지르기),

antique (adj, n = in the style of past times, belong to the distant past, existing since old times, material of a past period),

antiquity(old times, relic, remains),

postwar(prewar),

posterity(자손, 후손 = descendants),

posthumous(- work),

postpone(put off, delay)

 

 

5. BI- : two

6. SEMI- : half, partly

 

* "둘"을 뜻하는 접두사 (bi-, duo-)

 

* "절반"을 뜻하는 접두사 (semi-)

 

bicameral(-lism, -ist),

bicentennial(semicentennial),

biennial(2년마다의 = biyearly),

semiannual(반년마다의 = biannual, semiyearly),

semimonthly(한달에 두 번의 = bimonthly),

bilateral(a - contract : unilateral),

bilingual(adj, n = bilinguist),

bipartisan(a - foreign policy 초당외교정책),

 

bisect(양분하다),

semicircle,

semiconscious,

semidetached,

semiskilled

 

* <camera> ; chamber(방, 침실, -실)

chamber orchestra(실내악단),

chamber maid,

chamber music,

chamber pot

 

 

bicycle,

bike(motocycle),

bidaily(격일의, 하루2회의),

biweekly,

biped(양족의, 양족동물),

biplane,

bifocal lens,

biscuit,

bisexual(양성의, 양성동물),

bimetal,

semiautomatic,

semifinal,

semiclassic,

semidiameter(반지름, 반경 = radius),

semisolid (adj, n),

semicivilized,

semiofficial,

semilunar(반달모양의),

semitropical(semitropics),

semicolon,

two,

twice,

twin,

twilight,

twist,

double,

dual,

duel(결투),

duality(이중성, 이원성),

duet,

 

trio,

 

quartet(4중창),

quintet(5중창),

chorus,

trivial,

triangle,

tripod,

triple, the

Trinity(삼위일체)

 

 

7. E-, EX- : out, from, away

 

8. IN-, IM- : in, into, on, against, over

 

* "밖(으로)"과 "밖의(범위)"를 뜻하는 접두사 (e-, ex-, extra-)

* "안(으로)"과 "안의(범위)"를 뜻하는 접두사 (in-, intra-, intro-)

 

 

 

emigrate,

immigrate,

eminent(remarkable, famous, distinguished, noteworthy, outstanding),

imminent (near at hand, impending)

prominent(conspicuous, famous>,

enervate(weaken),

erosion(부식, 침식),

evoke(이끌어내다, 불러내다, 유도해 내다 = elicit),

invoke(빌다, 기원, 호소하다),

* revoke(취소, 폐지하다),

provoke(vex),

convoke(소집하다)

 

 

excise(삭제, 절제하다),

incise(베다, 째다, 새기다, 조각하다),

exclusive(exclude),

inclusive(include),

exhibit(exhibition),

inhibit(restrain),

expel,

impel(재촉, 추진하다),

compel,

implicate(관련, 연루, 포함시키다 = involve),

impugn(비난, 공격, 논박하다 = contradict - advocate),

incarcerate(투옥, 감금시키다),

inscribe(새기다, 등록하다),

insurgent(adj, n. 폭도, 반란자 = rebel<n, v>, rebellious)

 

* exit,

excavate,

expose,

export,

import,

Korea Exchange Bank,

expedition,

exceed,

excellent,

Pony Excel,

exhale(inhale),

express(impress<감동시키다, 감명을 주다),

expect,

expire(inspire, inspiration),

exodus(출국, 이주),

essay(평론),

ecstasy,

esprit(재치, 기지 =lively wit),

evidence,

eliminate,

elaborate,

emerge(appear),

emit,

emissary(사자, 밀사, 간첩 =messenger),

extol(praise highly),

exotic,

eclipse(식<蝕>, 빛의 소멸 / leave),

eject,

exorcise,

exorcism,

exorcist,

ex-wife,

ex-husband,

ex-convict,

ex-chairman,

ex-president,

indoor,

income,

induce(persuade, influence, lead, cause),

illusion(환각, 환영, 착각 =false idea or belief),

illumination(조명, 조도, 계몽),

illustrate(설명, 예증, 도해하다),

illustrator(삽화가, 도해<설명>자)

 

 

9. EXTRA- : outside

 

10. INTRA-, INTRO- : within

 

 

 

extracurricular(- activity),

extraneous(외래의, 이질적인, 관계없는),

extravagant(excessive, wasteful - restrained, frugal),

intramural(학교, 도시, 건물안의 - interscholastic, extramural),

intraparty,

intrastate(interstate),

intravenous(an - injection 정맥주사)

 

* intramuscular(hypodermic) injection,

extraordinary,

extralegal(법이 미치지 않는),

extrasensory perception(ESP),

extravehicular activity(EVA),

extraterrestrial,

introduce (introduction),

introspect(introspection : 내성, 자기반성),

introvert(내성적인<사람> introversion<내향, 내성, 내향성>),

extrovert(extroversion),

extraterritorial(ity : 치외법권)

 

 

11. CONTRA-, CONTRO-, COUNTER- :

 

against, contrary

 

* "반대"와 "대조"의 접두사 (anti-, dis-, ob-)

 

 

con(반대론<자> <pros and cons : 찬반양론>),

contraband(밀수<품> -ist),

contravene(transgress, breach, violate, disregard, infringe),

controversy (n, controvert),

counter(adj, adv, vt : 대항, 반대하다, 거스르다, 맞서다, n : 위조지폐),

countermand (n, vt),

incontrovertable(certain, unquestionable, indisputable)

 

* country,

contrabass(double bass),

contrapose(대치하다, contraposition),

contradict(부정, 부인, 반박, 반대하다,

contradiction = opposition),

contracept(contraception),

contrary(adj : 반대의 적합치 않은, 불리한, adv, n : 정반대, 역),

contrast(대조, 대비, v),

counterattack(counterblow),

counterplot(대항책, v),

countercurrent(역류),

counterfeit(위조<품>, v. = forge, copy, imitate),

counterpoison(해독제 = antidote),

countersign(암호, =password, watchword, code<법전, 관례, 규범>)

 

 

12. INTER- : between

 

* "사이"를 뜻하는 접두사

 

 

 

intercede(중재하다 =arbitrate, mediate, intervene),

intercept(도중에 잡다, 빼앗다, 가로채다),

interlinear(행간의),

interlude(막간, 사이, 중간, 막간극, 간주곡 = intermezzo),

intermediary(go-between, mediator),

intermission(중지, 중단, 휴계시간 = break, pause, interval),

intersect(교차하다, 가로지르다 = cross, divide),

interurban(도시간의 =intercity),

intervene(사이에 들다, 방해하다, 중재하다)

 

* international,

interchange(교환, 교체, 입체교차<점>, 서로교환하다),

interrupt(가로막다, 저지, 방해, 중단하다 interruption)

* erupt,

bankrupt(파산자, 파산한<go ->, 파산시키다),

interview (interviewee : 당하는 사람, interviewer),

interaction,

intercourse(sex),

interdependence,

intern(수련의, 교육 실습생),

resident(intern을 마치고 개업전에 병원에 상주하는 수련의),

Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile

 

 

13. IN-, IL-, IM-, IR- : not

 

* "부정", "반대"를 뜻하는 접두사 (a-, non-, un-)

 

illegible(읽기 어려운),

illiterate(무교육자, 무식자, adj, = ignorant n. illiteracy),

illogical,

immaculate,

immature(미숙한, 미완성의),

impunity(<형, 벌, 해, 손실>을 받지 않음),

inaccessible,

incessant,

inflexible(완고한, 확고한, 불굴의, 강인한),

ingratitude(배은망덕),

inhospitable(야박한, 불친절한),

insoluble(녹지 않는, 해결<설명, 해석>할 수 없는),

irreconcilable,

irrelevant(extraneous),

irrevocable

 

* insane,

impure,

inability,

inactive,

irregular,

inanimate(lifeless, spiritless, dull),

incapable,

incorrect,

immoral,

inconvenience,

incredible,

indigestion(difficulty in digesting food),

indirect,

ineffective,

inexperience,

inescapable(inevitable),

inhuman(cruel),

insensible(무감각한, 의식이 없는, 인사불성의),

inaudible,

invisible,

infinite (boundless, limitless, infinitive),

infirm(weak),

indecent(점잖지 못한, 꼴불견의, 음란한, ),

improper,

impartial(fair),

immense(huge, gigantic),

imbalance,

immortal,

immovable(고정된, 무감동의, 냉정한, 부동의 - property),

imperfect,

impatient (restless, eager),

impossible,

illegal(illicit, unlawful, forbidden),

irresponsible

 

 

14. BENE- : good, well

 

15. MAL-, MALE- : evil, ill, bad, badly

 

* "좋은", "잘"을 뜻하는 접두사 (bene-)

 

* "나쁜", "악한", "잘못된"을 뜻하는 접두사(mal-)

 

benediction(축복, 감사기도 =blessing),

malediction (저주, 악담, 비방 =curse),

benefactor(은인, 보호자, 기부자, 후원자),

malefactor(offender, evildoer, wrongdoer, criminal),

beneficial(helpful, advantageous,

beneficent :남에게 물건 등을 줌으로써 실제로 친절한 일을 하는, - maleficent : 해로운, 나쁜 짓을 하는, hurtful),

beneficiary(수익자, 수취인 =person who receives a benefit, advantage),

benevolent(남에게 좋은 일을 해주고 싶다고 바라거나, 친절한 =kind, charitable, benign, benignant),

malevolent(spiteful, malignant), maladjusted(a - child : 환경 부적응아),

malice(악의, 적의, 앙심, 원한 =enmity, malevolence),

malnutrition(영양부족<실조>),

maltreat(학대<혹사, 냉대>하다 =mistreat, abuse)

 

*

benefit(profit, advantage),

malign(해로운, 악의가 있는 =injurious),

malformation(기형, 꼴이 흉함)

malformed fish),

malaria(학질),

malfunction(기능불량, 고장),

malady(disease, illness ; a social - : 사회적 병폐),

malcontent(adj : 불평하는, 불만인, 반항적인 n.<a person who is> discontended and inclined to rebel : 불평가, 반항자),

malpractice(의료과오, 오진),

maladroit(서투른, 솜씨없는 =clumsy, awkward, inapt),

bon(F.good),

mon ami(my friend),

bon ami(good friend, sweetheart),

bonanza(대성공, 행운, 노다지),

bonus

 

 

16. DE- : down, down from, opposite of

 

* "아래" "밑"을 뜻하는 접두사

 

(hypo-, under-, sub-, de-)

 

 

 

demolish(destroy),

deciduous(shedding leaves),

demented(mad, insane, deranged),

demote(등급, 계급을 떨어뜨리다 ; promote),

dependent,

depreciate(appreciate),

despise(look down on, scorn ; admire),

deviate(어긋나다, 빗나가다 = stray),

devour(eat greedily, like an animal)

decadent(deteriorating, declining),

detour(우회<로> n. v),

decompose(separate into its part, decay, decomposition<분해, 부패>),

deface,

deflower,

derive(유래, 파생하다 ; adj.n derivative(파생물, 파생어),

derivation<끌어냄, 유래, 기원 = origin, descent, first form and meaning of a word),

derail,

deform(ruin the form of, cripple, deformation<모양을 망침, 추함, 기형>),

debate,

 

 

decrease(increase),

deflation(inflation),

degrade,

detach(attach),

degrade,

deposit(withdrawal),

depose(dethrone, deposition <관직박탈, 파면, 폐위>),

decelerate(diminish speed ; accelerate, accelerator),

depress(내리누르다, 우울하게하다 ; depression),

defrost,

delay(defer),

descend(내려가다, 전해지다, 자손을 잇다 ; descendant),

 

Underwater Demolition Team

 

 

17. DIS : opposite of, differently, apart, away

 

* "분리"를 뜻하는 접두사 (ab-, de-, dis-, se-)

 

 

discontent(불만, 불평 adj),

discredit(불신, 의혹, 망신, 불명예),

discrepancy(모순, 불일치, 어긋남 = inconsistency),

disintegrate(붕괴, 분해시키다),

dispassionate(냉정한, 공평한 = calm, composed, impartial),

disrepair(파손, 황폐), dissent(불찬성, 의견차이),

dissident(의견을 달리하는 <사람>, = dissenting),

distract(<주의를> 전환시키다, <마음을> 괴롭히다, 산란하게 하다 = divert)

 

* disagree(This food -s with me.),

disappear,

disarm(n. disarmanent, a - conference, D- Commission),

disbelief(불신, 의혹, 불신앙 v. disbelieve),

discharge(n. How long will the of the cargo take? The of water from the reservoir is carefully controlled. v. The accused man was found not guilty & was -d. The servant was -d <dismissed> for being dishonest.),

disclose(uncover),

discomfort(n. 곤란, 불쾌, 불안, 불편 = hardship, vt),

disconnect(My phone's been -ed because I didn't pay the bill.),

dishonor(n.불명예, 망신, vt),

dishonorable(shameful),

disobey(disobedient, disobedience),

disease,

distrust(n. vt He has a - of foreigners. He -ed his own eyes.),

discovery(발견<물>),

discount,

disembark(embark :get on a ship before the start of its voyage),

disengage(separate, detach D- the gears when you park the car.),

disfigure(The disease left his face -ed.),

dishearten(Don't be -ed by a single failure.),

disregard(vt. n. neglect, ignoring, indifference),

disciple,

disinterested(not influenced by personal feelings or interests, As a - observer, who do you think is right?),

dislocate(disjoint, He -d his shoulder while playing rugby.),

dissatisfy(dissatisfaction), disunion(분리, 분열, 불화=dissension),

disorientation,

dismount(get off a horse or bicycle),

displace (dismiss, discharge, fire, substitute),

dissect (절개, 해부하다 = analyze),

distribute(tribute : 공물 = give),

discourage(Don't let one failure - you. We tried to - him from climbing the mountain without a guide.),

dismay(당황, 놀람 : feeling of fear and discouragement, To their - the door was locked. vt.),

disorder(n. 무질서, 혼란, 난잡, 병 : confusion, vt),

disprove(disproof : 반증, 논박, 반박)

displeasure(불쾌, 불만 = dissatisfaction)

dispute(n. 논쟁, 언쟁, 싸움 = debate, argument, v)

 

* compute(computer), impute(책임을 전가하다 = attribute), putative(추정의, 상상의, 소문에 들리는)

 

18. SE- : apart

 

 

secede(<정당, 교회등에서> 탈퇴<분리>하다, proceed : 나아가다, 시작<속행>하다),

secession(탈퇴, 분리),

seclude(차단, 격리, 은둔하다 = separate, isolate,

* include, exclude, conclude),

secure(안전한, 튼튼한, 확고한 = confident, safe,

* security guard : 경비원),

sedition(치안방해, 선동),

segregate(분리, 격리, 차별하다 n. segregation = discrimination)

 

* separate,

separation(분리, 이탈, 별거),

secret(adj, n. secret agent = spy),

secretary(서기, 비서, 장관the S- of Defense<State, the Treasury>)

segment(단편, 조각, 부분),

sect(분파, 종파, 당파, 파벌 ; section :부분, 구분, 단락),

select(고르다, 선발하다, elect :선거, 선출하다, collect, selection :선발, 선택, 도태, 발췌),

seduce(adj, seductive :enticing, tempting, n.seduction :유혹, 매혹, 매력)

 

 

19. CIRCUM- : around, round

 

* "둘레"를 뜻하는 접두사 (peri-, circum)

 

circumference(원주, 주변, 주위, 영역, 범위 :perimeter),

circumlocution(완곡한 표현, 핑계),

* elocution(웅변술, 발성법), loquacious(수다스러운, 장황한)

 

 

circumnavigate(global flight, circumnavigation),

circumscribe(limit, restrict),

circumspect(cautious, prudent),

circumvent(우회하다, 좌절시키다, 앞지르다, 회피하다 = frustrate, get the better of, defeat, prevent)

 

* circumflight(천체 궤도 비행),

circumstance(상황, 환경, 처지 = condition),

circumterrestrial(지구를 도는, 지구 주위의),

circumcise(circumcision :할례, 포피절제),

circus(곡마단, 원형경기장 ; Piccadily Circus),

circulation(순환, 유통, 발행부수),

circuit(순회, 우회, 회로),

 

 

20. con, com, col, cor, co : together, with

 

* "-와 같이" 또는 "함께"를 뜻하는 접두사 (syn-)

 

 

 

coalesce(grow together, unite into one, combine - separate),

coherent(sticking together, logically connected),

collaborate(work together),

 

*laborious(힘든, 근면한), elaborate(공들인, 정교한, v)

 

collusion(공모, 결탁 :conspiracy),

concord(일치, 조화, 화합, 우호협정 :agreement, harmony),

congenital(- deformity :선천적 기형, inborn - acquired),

convene(소집, 소환, 회합하다 convention :집회, 대회, 약정, 협약, 관습, 풍습),

correspond (agree, match, tally)

 

* b, p, l, m, r 이외의 자음 앞 - con : concentrate(focus, condense),

concord,

Concorde,

conform(순응하다, 따르다),

condominium(domi :master, rule>,

conductor(안내자, 차장, 지휘자, 전도체)

confirm(확고히하다, 확인하다, <습관, 의지, 신앙 등을> 굳게하다 : make firm, fortify),

contract,

contractor(계약자, 청부인),

consist<stand>,

confuse,

construction,

constellation(별자리, 성좌, 성운, <stella>),

consume,

contain,

container,

content(내용, 목차, 차례 adj. contented v. satisfy),

contest(n.v),

confront(직면하다, 맞서다),

convert(전환, 개조, 개심, 전향, 개종시키다 n.개심, 개종, 전향자)

converter(<주파수, 채널등> 변환기),

conjunction(결합, 연결, 접속<사>),

conspiracy(음모, 모의, 공모),

conspirator(plotter),

conclude.

 

* b, p, m 앞 - com : compose(조립, 작문, 작곡하다, <마음을> 가라앉히다)

compress(압축, 요약, 집약하다, -or :압축기, 압축펌프),

compromise(타협, 화해, 절충안),

company(동료, 일행, 동석자, 회사),

companion(동료, 벗, 동반자, 짝),

combat(a - jacket :전투복, adj. combative :투쟁적인),

complex(복잡한, 복합의, 합성의 n. sports complex, apartment complex, Oedipus complex, Electra complex),

complicate,

combine(결합, 합병, 연합시키다 n. 기업합동, <정치적>연합, 복식수확기 ),

combination(결합, 짝맞춤, 연합, 결사, 단체, 조합)

 

 

21. OB- : against, in the way, over(위에)

 

* "반대"를 뜻하는 접두사 (anti-, contra-, dis-)

 

obliterate(erase, blot out, destroy),

obsess(<sit> haunt, n. -ion :집념, 강박관념, 망상, 열중, 사로잡힘),

obstacle(<stand> hindrance, obstruction, impediment),

obstruct(<pile up> impede, hinder, block),

obtrude(<thrust>주제넘게 나서다 intrude)

obviate(<곤란 등을> 예방, 제거하다, 불필요하게 하다. By removing her hat, the lady in front obviated the need for me to change my seat.)

 

* obvious(명백한, 분명한, 알기쉬운 :easily seen or understood, clear, plain), obsession(- whim :변덕, 일시적인 생각)

 

 

22. PER- : through, to the end, thoroughly

 

* "통과"를 뜻하는 접두사 (trans-)

perennial(adj. n. cf. annual, biennial, centennial, biannual),

perforate(<bore> pierce, puncture, n. perforation<구멍뚫기, 천공, 절취선> perforator),

permeate(<pass, flow> 퍼지다, 스며들다, 통과, 침투하다 = pass through, penetrate),

perplex(puzzle, bewilder, n. perplexity :당황, 곤혹, 난국),

persist (persevere, last, endure - desist),

pertinent (related, relevant),

perturb(<disturb> agitate, upset, make uneasy)

 

* percent(앞에 수사가 올때는 percent, 그외 small, large, great, high 등이 올때는 percentage),

perform(performance :실행, 이행, 수행, 상연, 연기),

permanent(<remain> - residence, - wave(v.perm, wave), - neutral country),

perpetual(continual, n. perpetuity :영존, 영속),

permit(허락, 허가, 인정하다 = admit n. permission),

perspicuous(<언어, 문체등이>명료한, 명쾌한),

perspective(원근법, 투시도. 원경, 조망, 전망 adj.)

 

 

23. PRE- : before, beforehand(이전에, 미리, 벌써)

 

fore(adj. 앞부분의 prep. -의 앞에)

 

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사 (fore-, ante-, pro-)

precede(앞장서다, 앞서다, 우선하다),

preclude (<close> impede, prevent),

precocious(<mature>조숙한),

preconceive(미리생각하다, 예상하다),

prefabricate(construct beforehand),

preface(서문, 머리말 =foreword),

premature(시기상조의, 때 이른, 너무 이른, 조산아),

premeditate(consider beforehand),

presume(<take> 가정, 추정, 짐작, 상상하다 = assume :추정, 추측하다, <역할, 임무를> 맡다, suppose :가정, 상상, 추측하다),

preview(시연, 시사, 예고편)

 

* U.S. President Bill Clinton,

prefix,

preposition,

prefer <fer :bring, carry>

* ferryboat,

transfer(옮기다, 나르다, 전임, 전학시키다, 양도하다)

defer(delay, put off, postpone),

confer(수여하다, 주다, 협의, 의논하다 ; conference = discussion, exchange of views),

infer(추론, 추측, 의미, 암시하다 ; conclude, reach an opinion from facts or reasoning),

inference(추론, 추정, 추리, 함축),

offer(제공, 제안, 제의, 제출 v),

refer(언급, 조회, 위탁 하다, -의 탓으로 하다 ; attribute, entrust),

referee(football, boxing, basketball, hockey, rugby, wrestling. umpire :baseball, tennis),

reference book,

differ(dif=apart),

difference,

different,

indifferent(unconcerned, having no interest in)

 

 

prelude(전주곡, 서곡, 서막, 서두, 도입부, 전조 v),

postlude(후주곡, 최종악장, 완결부분),

present(adj.출석한, 현재의, n.선물, v.제출, 증정하다),

premium(할증금, 상여금, 이자),

predict(foretell),

prehistoric,

prewar(- postwar),

prescription(처방전, 규정, 법규),

prenatal,

prejudice(편견, 선입관),

prepay,

prepayment(선불, 선납),

pretest(예비시험<검사>),

preschool(adj.취학전의 n. kindergarten),

prevision(예지, 선견 = foresight),

prevent,

previous,

prepare,

preposterous(completely contrary to reason or sense, absurd), preach(설교, 전도하다),

precaution(예방조치, 사전대책)

 

 

24. PRO- : forward(앞으로), forth(전방으로)

 

* "앞"을 뜻하는 접두사

 

 

procrastinate(<tomorrow> 지연, 연기하다 = delay),

proficient(<make> 숙달된, 숙련된, 능숙한 = adept, expert - inept),

profuse(풍부한, 넘치는, 아낌없는, 낭비하는 ; generous, abundant, extravagant),

project(게획, 설계, 사업),

prominent(<project> 두드러진, 눈에띄는, 중요한 = notable, important),

propel(ler), proponent(제의, 제안, 변호, 지지자 = advocate, supporter - opponent),

prospect(전망, 조망, 예상, 기대),

protract(<draw, drag> lengthen, extend, prolong - curtail),

protrude(thrust forth, stick out protruding teeth),

provoke(cause, incense)

 

* proceed(go forward, continue, go on),

procedure(진행, 결과, 절차, 수속 ; order of doing things esp legal and political),

process(진행, 경과, 방법, 순서, 처리 ; n. the - of digestion / erosion, vt. treat in order to preserve it, -ed cheese),

procession(행렬, 행진 = march, parade), probable(있음직한, -할 듯한 ; probably),

proclaim(선언, 공포, 선포하다 = declare),

program(진행순서, 차례, 계획, 예정<표>), progress(진행, 전진, 진보, 향상, 발달, 발전 v.),

promotion(승진, 진급, 판매촉진),

profess(공언, 고백, 교수하다),

professor(full -, associate -, assistant -, full-time(part-time) lecturer, assistant),

a flame projector(thrower),

propose(제의, 제안, 제출, 신청하다),

provide(준비, 대비, 공급, 규정하다 = supply, stipulate),

provision(준비, 제공, 규정 pl. 식량, 양식),

providence(foresight, thrift),

produce(r),

prologue(머리말 - epilogue:후기, 끝말),

prophet(예언자, 선지자),

prophesy(cy :예언, 예언능력),

prostitute(hooker, whore, street girl)

 

 

Part III Further Study

 

 

1. abate<beat down> = decrease, diminish, reduce, moderate - augment

 

debate(v.argue, discuss n.)

rebate(v. discount, reduce, make dull, n. 환불 : sum of money that is paid back to you because you have paid too much tax or rent)

combat(bat, batter, battle, armed fighting)

 

* division(-al commander, -al headquarters),

brigade,

regiment,

battalion,

company,

platoon,

squad,

combatant(전투원, 전투부대, 투사, 격투자),

commando(특공대<원>), baton(사령봉, 지휘봉),

 

 

2. accord(cordis : of the heart) = v. agree, correspond, n. # confer cordiality(진심, 충정, 따뜻한 우정)

 

concord(n.v), discord(n)

cordial(warm & sincere, a - welcome / invitation. n. 강장제, 강심제),

 

 

3. accommodate(ac + com + mode:maner) = have room for, do a favor for, oblige, conform(따르다, 순응하다)

 

modus vivendi(생활방식<태도> : way of living, 일시적 타협, 잠정협정 : temporary agreement)

commodious(spacious & comfortable, roomy, ample, not confining)

 

* mode(방법, 양식, 형식, 형태, 유행, 모드 : a way of acting, behaving, speaking, writing, living, etc.), model(모형, 모범, 모델),

moderate(temperate, restrained, mild, calm, gentle),

modest(moderate, humble),

modify(변경, 수정, 완화, 조절, 개조, 수식하다 : adapt, change),

modern(up-to-date), out-moded(유행에 뒤진 : obsolete, out-of-date),

modulate(조정, 조절, 변조하다 : regulate, adjust or adapt to the degree, Frequency / Amplitude Modulation),

commodity(anything bought & sold, necessaries, prices of -ies : 물가, staple -ies : 중요, 필수상품)

 

 

4. adjourn(jorn :day : 휴회, 산회, 폐회, 연기하다) = disband, dismiss, recess, postpone, put off, suspend

 

journal(daily newspaper)

diurnal-nocturnal

dismal(sad, dreary, gloomy, miserable)

sojourn(v.stay for a time, n. a brief or temporary stay)

 

* journey,

journeyman.

dial(해시계),

diary,

dairy,

meridian(자오선, 정오, 절정, 극점 : one of the imaginary lines drawn on a map from the North Pole to the South Pole over the surface of the Earth. noon, highest point. cf. longitude, latitude),

Ante Meridiem,

Bon Jour, Bon-bon(사탕과자), De-Bon, bonus, bonanza(풍부한 광맥, 대성공, 행운, 노다지)

 

 

5. aggravate(gravis : heavy, serious) = make worse, intensify

 

gravity(중력, 진지함 : weight, seriousness)

 

grieve(feel grief<deep sadness, acute sorrow>) aggrieve(괴롭히다, 고통을 주다, 학대하다, -의 감정을 해치다 : injure, offend)

 

grievance(a reason for complaint)

 

* grave(n.tomb, adj.serious, v.조각하다, 새기다, 명심하다 : engrave)

 

 

6. alternative(alter : other) = choice

 

* altar,

alter(change in some way),

(in)alterable,

altruism(unselfishness),

altruist,

egoism,

egoist,

alibi,

allegory(a story, poem, or painting in which the characters & actions represent good & bad qualities),

allelism,

parallelism(parallel bars)

alternate(arrange or perform by turns)

alter ego

alteration(act of changing, making change)

altercation(quarrel, noisy argument)

heterodox, orthodox

heterogeneous, homogeneous, homogeneity

alien (foreigner), alienate, (in)alienable

alias(false name, allonym)

adulterate(make a substance weaker or of poorer quality by adding sth else to it)

adultery(an illicit coitus)

adulterer,

adulteress

 

7. altitude(altus :high, tall) = height, elevation, eminence

 

altar(table used in a religious ceremony), alter(change in some way)

altimeter

alto(singing voice that is quite high for a man & quite low for a woman)

exalt(praise, glorify, extol, elevate(or), lift up)

haughty(arrogant, supercilious, proud)

lofty(very high, noble, sublime, grand<eur>)

hoist(vt.- a flag / sail.n)

enhance(increase, add to)

 

8. apprehend(prehendere :hold, seize, take) = dread, arrest, understand

 

comprehend(n.comprehension - misapprehend, n.misapprehension)

reprehend(reprimand, rebuke, censure, criticize, n.reprehension)

impregnable(unconquerable, invincible), pregnable(assailable, vulnerable)

entrepreneur(enterprise, enterprising)

comprise(include, contain, form, make up, consist of, constitute)

reprisal(the act of retaliating)

imprison(incarcerate)

surprise(n.vt)

apprentice

* price, precious, appreciate, depriciate, prison

 

9. astute(astus :craft, cunning acus :needle) = sagacious, clever, keen, shrewd, crafty, sly, smart, bright, cunning, foxy, wily, artful - dull, stupid, naive

 

acute(keen, sharp, severe)

acumen(ability to understand cleary)

acupuncture, acupressure

acrid(<of smell or taste> sharp, biting)

acid(sour, sharp, sarcastic, - reaction, - rain, - test)

exacerbate(make worse, aggravate, irritate)

 

10. belligerent(bellum : war) = warlike, combative

 

antebellum, postbellum

bellicose(hostile, aggressive, combative, warlike, offensive, pugnacious, antagonistic)

rebel(vi.take up arms to fight.n.), rebellion(mutiny, revolt, sedition), rebellious(disobedient, hard to control)

revel(enjoy sth greatly)

 

11. blunder(blind) = stupid or careless mistake

 

 

blind(sightless, reckless, thoughtless),

blink(- the eyes, - away a tear, ignore, We saw the lights of a steamer -ing on the horizon.),

blind alley(impasse, dead lock), blind date

 

12. cache(cacher :F. conceal, hide cell :room) = hiding place, secret place

 

abscond(flee, depart secretly, steal off & hide)

recondite(profound, abstruse)

*

cell(prison / plant -),

cellar(underground room for storing coal, wine, etc),

cellulose,

cellular(- phone)

 

13. caamity = catastrophe, disaster, misfortune, tragedy, avalanche, debacle - boon, blessing

 

 

14. capsize(n.v 뒤집다, 전복 cap : overtop<-위에 솟다, 능가하다>, head) = overturn, upset

 

topsy-turvy(뒤죽박죽, 혼란상태 n, adj.adv. in confusion, upside down. The whole world is / has turned -.)

 

tipsy(slightly drunk)

 

tip over(Sit down or you'll tip the boat over)

* If you take my tip(advice) you'll make a lot of money.

 

 

* cape(곶, 갑 ; headland, the Cape of Good Hope), cap<모자, 뚜껑, 최고 ; night cap, cab(take a -), capital(- city, - letter, C- & Labor, What a - idea!), capitalism, captain<육군대위, 해군대령>, the Capitol, decapitate(behead)

 

 

15. censure(censere :to tax, value, judge) = rebuke, reprove, find fault with, scold, criticize, reproach, admonish, reprimand

censor(n.vt.examine), censorship, censer(vessel in which incense is burnt in chuches), sensor

census

 

16. civilian(civi :city, citizen)

 

the Civil War

civic spirit

civics(study of city government, the rights & duties of citizens, etc.)

civies(civilian clothes)

* physics,

statistics,

economics, ethics, politics, mathematics, linguistics, civil(courteous, polite, - rights, - law, criminal law, - engineering, - defense training n.civility<politeness, courtesy, urbanity, cordiality> - uncivil, rude, impolite, discourteous, barbarous, unenlightened), civilize(enlighten, educate, refine), civilization(barbarism), police(city), policeman, policy, politician(statesman),

acropolis

 

17. cleave(clei :stick together) = stick, adhere, cling

* clay(klei :mud, earth), glue(vt.n)

 

18. commend(mandare :put into one's hand, entrust, command, order) = praise, extol, entrust - censure, reprimand, reproach, reprehend, reprove

 

command(n.vt.order, direct, control, be able to use / obtain, - silence / respect / a good price / a fine view / a good skill n.Moses' Ten Commandments)

mandate(order from a superior, vt.a -d territory)

mandatory(compulsory, imperative),

mandatary(n.person or state to whom a mandate has been given)

manufacture

* demand(de :away from = ask for, claim, require, n),

recommend(speak favorably of, suggest as wise or suitable, advise, n.recommendation),

commando,

commander(commandant)

 

19. complicated(plic :to fold, twist, tangle, connect) = intricate, vt.complicate,

 

disentangle(unravel, make clear, solve, extricate)

the Gordian knot(difficult problem or task, a knotty problem)

 

* explicate(explain & analyse in detail), implicate(involve, Heredity is -d in insanity.), imply(suggest), apply, applicant, application, applicable, medical appliance, comply, compliance, pliable, pliant, flexible, docile, reply, multiply(increase), display(show, n.), exploit(- child labor, n.exploitation), perplex(confuse, puzzle, baffle), explicit(cleary & fully expressed, definite - implicit, vague, ambiguous), complex(difficult to understand or explain, Oedipus / Electra -, housing / apartment / sports -, complexity, complication), complexion(natural colour appearance etc of the skin, esp of the face, general character or aspect, the - of the war) extricate(tricare :hindrance. = disentangle, set free, rescue, get out <n.extrication>) intricate(complicated, entangled, complex, inextricable)

 

20. concur(cur :run) = agree

 

cursory(quick, hurried, done without attention to details)

succor(n.help given in time of need, vt.give help to)

* incur(bring upon oneself : - debts, - hatred, - great expense), occur(happen), recur(My first meeting with her often -s to my memory.), current(of the present time, alternating -, direct -, - price = running<going, present> price), concurrent(simultaneous, harmonious), currency, precursor(forerunner, vanguard, harbinger), course, concours, (extra)curriculum, intercourse, excursion(short journey), corridor

 

21. confirm(firm :hard, strong, solid) = verify, substantiate, corroborate, affirm, validate

 

- deny, disprove

* firm(-loose), infirm(decrepit, weak), infirmity(weakness), affirmative(negative), infirmary(hospital)

 

22. conceal(celare : hide, cover) = keep secret, hide

 

abscond(run away suddenly & secretly, usually because you have done sth wrong. He -ed with all the money. They -ed from the police station)

recondite(profound)

clandestine (concealed, underhand, secret)

occult(hidden, mysterious)

covert(hidden, secret)

cache(<hiding place for> food & stores left for later use)

* cell, cellular(- phone), cellar, clam, cover, coverage

 

23. congregate(gregare :gather) = assemble, bring together (n.congregation)

 

gregarious(sociable)

aggregate(n.total, v.bring or come together)

segregate(isolate), segregation, desegregate, desegregation, egregious(an - blunder / liar)

 

 

24. conspicuous(specere : see) = obvious, noticeable, prominent, striking, remarkable, distinct, outstanding

 

perspicuous(expressed clearly, lucid)

 

suspicious(not trusting a person or situation) suspect(vt.n)

 

auspicious(promising or showing signs of future success)

 

circumspect(cautious, prudent), circumcise, circumcision

 

inspection(medical -)

* spy, espionage, speculate (사색하다, 투기하다 ; ponder, meditate speculator:투기가, 암표상, 사색가), retrospect(v, n), prospect(v, n ; outlook), expect, inspect (examine), aspect(국면, 양상, 용모, 관점), respect(n, v), specify(일일이 열거하다, 상술하다), species, specimen(견본, 예 ; sample), despise(look down on, scorn, Plenty of people despise money - few are able to give it away), specter(ghost, phantom), spectator(onlooker<esp at a show or game>), spectacle(s), spectrum(분광, <관련있는 것의> 분포범위)

 

 

25. contend(tendere :stretch) = compete, vie, struggle, claim

 

extend(widen, broaden, expand, spread, n.extension, adj.extensive)

pretend(feign)

tender(offer, present)one's resignation. Love me -.

ostentation(ob:before) =pretentiousness, showy display

*

tend(move in a certain direction, be inclined),

tense(strained, tight),

tension(mental strain),

distend(inflate, expand),

intense(great or strong - cold, - sorrow),

intensive(- farming, the - care unit),

intend(mean),

intention(aim, purpose, goal),

attend(look after, serve, accompany),

attention(care),

detente(a lessening of tension),

tent,

antenna

 

 

26. content(tenere:hold) = adj.satisfied, pleased vt.satisfy n.things contained, satisfaction

 

 

obtain(얻다, 손에넣다, 획득하다),

sustain(떠받치다, 지탱하다, 견디다, 유지하다), sustenance(생계, 살림, 유지, 지속),

detain(make someone stay somewhere ; 유치, 구류, 감금, 억류하다),

pertain(belong to sth or have a connection with it ;속하다, 적합하다, 관계하다, 알맞다),

 

pertinent(related, relevant), impertinent(irrelevant, impudent, insolent, discourteous),

 

maintain(insist, preserve, keep, defend ; 지속, 유지, 부양, 지지, 지탱하다),

 

entertain(-ment, -er)

 

abstain(doctor told him to - from beer & wine. refrain), abstinent, abstinence(the act of keeping away from things you enjoy, esp alcoholic drink)

 

retain(keep, continue to have or hold ; 간직, 보유, 계속유지하다) n. retention : the state or action of keeping sth. ; 보유, 유치, 구치, 감금, )

 

contain(include, hold, restrain, restrict, hold back), container,

 

self-contained(Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) aqualung

 

continent(adj. self-controlled, n. the C = Europe)

 

tenor, tenant(person who pays rent for the use of land, a building, a room, etc),

 

tenable(that can be defended or held ; 공격에 견딜 수 있는, 유지할 수 있는, 계속할 수 있는), tenacious(stubborn, persistent, determined, unyielding),

 

27. convene(venire :come) = summon to come together

* convention(pact, agreement, teachers' -, sign a -), conventional(- greetings, - ideas, - weapons, - remarks), intervene(come between, intercede, mediate, arbitrate I shall leave on Sunday if nothing -s. - in a dispute), event(an outcome), prevent, convenient(What's a - time for you? When will it be - for you?)

contravene(dispute, attack, conflict with, violate, infringe)

advent(arrival, approach, Seventh-Day Adventist, Latter-Day Saints)

revenue(income, The government obtains - from taxes. - stamp)

parvenu(upstart, vulgarian)

invent(originate, create, -or, -ive, -ion)

souvenir(sub :under, near, literal :come to mind = relic, memento, keepsake)

 

28. cordiality(cordis :of the heart, mind) = friendliness (adj.cordial = hearty, warm & sincere, affable n.anything that invigorates)

accord(n.agreement, understanding, v)

concord(n. agreement, harmony, v)

discord(dissension, strife, conflict)

core(essence)

cardiac(of the heart, - muscle, - patient, - arrest)

cardiovascular disease, cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)

* courage(brave, valor), encourage, discourage, record(er), cardiology

 

 

29. craft = n.skill, art, dexterity, cunning, guile

 

craftsman(artisan)

handicraft(manual skill, handyman)

aircraft

spacecraft(spaceship, satellite),

* campcraft, kingcraft, witchcraft(black magic, socery. sorcerer)

 

30.craven(crepare : rattle, creak) = adj.cowardly, timid, timorous-brave, courageous, bold, valorous, dauntless, intrepid. n.coward, chicken, dastard

 

creep(vi.move slowly, quietly or secretly, move with your body close to the ground, n.flatterer. apple polisher)

cryptic(hidden, secret, mysterious)

crevice(narrow crack or opening. crevasse)

discrepant(inconsistent, n.discrepancy, inconsistency)

 

 

* crack(v. Don't pour hot water into the glass or it will crack. His voice -ed with emotion. We must - this problem. - the sound barrier. The boy fell & -ed his head against the wall.n.a - in the window, a - of thunder / the guns, a - on the head), decrepit(infirm, weak)

 

 

31. crony(chronos :time) = chum, buddy, comrade, colleague, companion, associate, alter ego (intimate friend, bosom friend), old boy(alumnus. alumni association)

 

chronic(prolonged, habitual, recurring, confirmed)

synchronize(make simultaneous, -d swimming)

chronicle(annals, chronology)

anachronism

 

32. culprit(culpa : fault, blame, crime) = offender mea culpa = my fault

 

culpable(blameworthy, -inculpable)

inculpate(blame), exculpate(- a person from a charge)

 

33. cur = mean dog, mongrel, mutt kennel(a dog house)

 

canine(of or like a dog, currish), - tooth

the Cynics(cynical = contemptuous, sneering, a - smile / remark)

snarl(show the teeth & growl)

growl(make a low threatening sound)

 

34. custody(custos : guard, keeper) = care, safekeeping, guardianship

 

* custodian(caretaker, keeper, guardian, janitor)

 

 

35. decease(cedere :go, move, yield) = death

 

recede(물러가다, go back, withdraw, n. recession ; 퇴거, 후퇴, 불경기 = depression)

 

- proceed(go forward, continue, go on)

 

concede(양보, 승인, 용인, 인정하다, (권리, 특권을) 부여하다 = give up, grant, admit, acknowledge)

accede(동의하다, 응하다 = agree, assent, consent)

 

exceed(<한도, 양, 정도를> 넘다, 지나치다, 초과하다 = go beyond, surpass, be greater than. n.excess, an - of violence in the film, He drinks to -. adj. excessive = too great, extreme)

 

cede(<권리, 영지> 양도, 할양, 인도, 양보 하다 = yield, n. cession)

 

cease(stop, quit)

access(접근, 면회, 출입, 진입로, 입구, 통로 n.way to a place, approach, admittance, adj. <in>accessible) 액서스 ; 기억장치에 정보를 입력, 호출하다

 

incessant(continual, ceaseless)

intercede(중재하다 = intervene, mediate)

 

succeed(n.success)

precede(go before, adj. n. precedent without -)

 

secede(<정당, 교회> 탈퇴, 분리하다 = withdraw, go apart n. secession the War of Secession ; 남북전쟁)

antecedents(ancestor, forefathers - descendant)

 

accessory(액세서리, 부속물, 부속품, 장신구 adj. 보조적인, 부대적인)

 

 

36. deliberately(libr :to weigh, balance) = purposely, slowly v.deliberate(consider carefully, ponder, contemplate, weigh) adj.(careful, circumspect, prudent, wary, intentional, slow, unhurried)

equilibrium(state of being balanced)

level(perfectly flat & even)

 

37. demolish(de :down, moliri :build, construct) = destroy, wreck, raze, tear down

 

molecule(molecular structure, - formular)

molest(annoy or attack a person<sexually> n.molestation) Underwater Demolition Team. Demolition Man

 

38. despotic(domus :house, potis :master) = domineering, dictatorial, tyrannical

 

dominate(dominari :rule, have control, authority or influence, adj.dominant :ruling, prevailing n.domination)

potent(capable, powerful)

impotent(incapable, lacking power)

omnipotent(all powerful)

* despot(autocrat, dictator, tyrant, oppressor), despotism(tyranny, dictatorship), domain(a field of action, knowledge, influence, etc. English is her special -.), dominion(the power or right of ruling & controling), domino theory, domitable(tamable - indomitable, invincible), domestic(- electrical goods, the government's - policies)

 

39. deter(de : away from + terrere : frighten) = discourage, hinder, keep back

 

terror(intense or extreme fear), terrorism, terrorist, terrorize(terrify, frighten), terrible(frightful, dreadful, fearful), terrific, tremble(- in every limb, quake, shiver, shudder), tremendous(terrifying, enormous, wonderful), trepidation(fear, dread, alarm), intrepid(brave)

 

40. dispel(pellere : drive, push) = scatter, disperse

 

repel(- the enemy / temptation)

expel(drive out, force out)

compel(He was -led by illness to resign)

impel(drive, force, urge)

* propel(drive forward), propeller, pulse(n.v), pulsate, impulse, impulsive

 

41. dispense with(pendere :pay, hang) = get along without, do without # The most important thing that parents can teach their children is how to get along without them.

 

dispensary(a place where medicines are dispensed)

dispensable(not necessary, -indispensable)

expendable(no longer needed & so able to be thrown away or destroyed)

expense(cost, vt.expend = spend, use up)

* depend, dependent, dependence, independent, independence, pensive(deep in thought), pension, ponder, pendulum, suspend, suspense, suspension, appendix, appendicitis, appendectomy(anatomy), pendant,

 

42. distinguish(dis :apart + sting, prick) = differentiate, tell apart, discern, discriminate

 

 

* stingy(mean, miserly, unwilling to give), extinguish(put out <a light or fire>, quench)

 

43. divulge(vulgare :make public) = reveal, disclose

 

promulgate(make public, announce officially)

multitude(throng), vulgar(ill mannered, rude, in bad taste, in common use), vulgar words, vulgarize(popularize), vulgarity, vulgarian(parvenu, upstart)

 

44. dubious = doubtful, suspicious, undependable, uncertain, equivocal, skeptical, dubitable

 

dubiety(doubtfulness)

dubitable - indubitable(undoubted, certain)

dual, duality

duplicate(or)

* doubt, duel, dual, duality, duet, double, twice, twin, twilight, dialogue, dichotomy

 

45. dispute(putare :think, reckon) = debate, discuss, oppose, contradict, argue, wrangle, quarrel

 

compute(reckon, calculate, calculator, computer)

repute(consider, n.reputation)

putative(commonly reputed to be, his - father)

impute to(ascribe, attribute)

 

46. digress(dis :apart + gradi :go) = deviate, divert, stray, wander n.digression

 

 

* (grad, gred, gress :go, degree) progress(progressive, conservative), regress(regressive, regression) grade(upgrade, degrade), retrograde(adj.v.), gradual, graduate, graduation(commencement), ingredient(component, element), transgress(violate, encroach, infringe), ingress(going in, <right of> entrance), egress(<right of> going out, exit), aggress(aggressive, aggression), congress(parliament), greedy, degree(position in society. a thesis for a -, a

octor's -, the - of Master of Arts / Science, Bachelor of Arts / Science) Leningrad

 

47. discharge(car :run, carry carrus :wagon) = unload, fire off, relieve, dismiss

 

cart(two-wheeled vehicle pulled by a horse, used in farming)

car, chariot, caravan(AmE:trailer), cargo(burden, freight, goods carried in a ship, aircraft or other vehicle), carry, carriage(the act of carrying, conveyance, bearing, car), carrier, charge(fill, load, store electricity in, burden, order, accuse, ask in payment), overcharge, rechargeable battery, career(the history of one's life), caricature(Newspapers often contain -s of well-known politicians. n.-turist. portrait.n-ist), carpenter(literal :wagon maker), carrousel(merry-go-round)

 

48. dissent(sentire :feel, think) = disagree, object, protest

 

assent

consent - consensus(general agreement, GATT:General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade.1949

dissension(disagreement)

resent(feel angry or bitter about sth)

* sense, common sense, nonsense, sentence(He was -ed to death.), sensitive(having quick & acute sensibility), sensible(perceptible, reasonable), sensual, sentient(adj.having sense, Man is a - being.), presentiment(foreboding, misgiving), sensational(- murder, - magazine), sentiment(Sentiment is sometimes stronger than reason.), sentimental(- young girl)

 

49. dormant(dormire : sleep) = inactive, sleeping, quiet, sluggish, resting n.dormancy

 

slumber(v.sleep peacefully or comfortably, n.sleep)

dormitory

observatory(a place from which scientists can watch the moon, stars, & the weather)

conservatory(building or part of a building in which plants are protected from cold, school of music or dramatic art)

 

50. drought = dryness, want of rain

* dry, drain(- the water off the vegetables. He -ed his glass & left. Make sure the drains don't get blocked), drainage(sewage, a system of drains, The crops suffered damage as a result of poor -.)

 

51. duplicate(plix : fold) = copy, reproduction, imitation

 

dual(- control / nationality / personality, duality)

duet(solo, trio, quartet, a string quartet, quintet, choral singing, chorus)

duodecimal(adj.of twelve or twelfths, n), decade, Decameron

duple(double, twofold), duffel bag

plight(a <bad, serious or sorrowful> condition or state)

 

52. edifice(aedes :house, facere :make)

* edify(enlighten, instruct)

 

53. eliminate(limes:boundary, limen:threshold, beginning) = exclude, remove, get rid of, rule out n.elimination(- matches, semi-final, final)

limit, limitless(unbounded, vast, infinite)

preliminary(introductory, preparatory)

* sublime(v.n.adj.noble, majestic, grand)

 

 

53. equitable(공정한, 정당한 ; inequitable) = just, fair, reasonable, impartial, even

 

equal, equalize, equilibrium(평형, 균형, <마음의> 평정, 평안, 안정) libra : balance), equanimity(평정, 침작, 태연 ; composure, calmness), equanimous, equity(공평, 공정, 정당fairness, impartiality, right judgement), adequate(충분한, 알맞는, 적절한, 적당한 ; inadequate), equinox, equator, Ecuador, equation, equivalent, equidistant diplomacy, equivocal(uncertain, questionable, suspicious)

 

 

55. era = historical period, a period characterized by notable historical change.

 

* epoch(the beginning of a distinctive period in the history of anything), age(a period characterized by some person or some outstanding feature or influence. the Nuclear Age, the Atomic Age, the Victorian Age, Ice Age, )

medieval(the Middle Age)

primeval

 

 

56. exclusively(claudere : close, shut) = solely, undividedly

 

conclude, conclusive, conclusion

 

preclude(impede, prevent), preclusive(방지하는, 예방적인), preclusion(방해, 방지, 저지)

 

exclude, exclusive, exclusion, include(enclose, contain, comprise), inclusive, inclusion,

 

seclude(떼어 놓다, 차단, 격리하다), seclusive, seclusion(격리, 은둔 쇄국정책;a policy of -)

 

recluse (은둔한, 외로운, 쓸쓸한 adj. avoiding meeting people. n. person who lives alone & avoids other people. = hermit)

 

enclosure(둘러쌈, 동봉<물>, 구내 enclosing, sth that is enclosed, v.enclose)

 

disclosure(v. disclose = reveal, uncover, make known)

 

 

57. exempt(emere : take, obtain) n. exemption(tax exemption)

 

* adj.officially freed from a duty, service or payment. He is - from military service. vt.Poor eye sight will - you from military service.

prompt(adj.a - reply / payment, vt.cause sth to happen, remind someone esp an actor of the next words in a speech, adv.- at one, at one -, n.act of -ing, the cue.), prompter

impromptu(improvised, without preparation, an - speech)

* example(exemplar, adj.exemplary), premium(During the summer, hotel rooms are at a -.)

 

58. exonorate(onus :burden, blame) = absolve, exculpate, vindicate, acquit

 

* onerous(burdensome, troublesome, laborious)

 

59. extemporaneous(tempo :time) = offhand, impromptu, improvised, ad-lib(adj.n.v L.ad libitum = at pleasure. She's good at ad-libbing.)

extraneous(extrinsic - intrinsic)

simultaneous(similar, simulation :counterfeit display)

contemporaneous(contemporary)

spontaneous(voluntary, - generation)

* tempest, tempestuous(stormy, turbulent)

 

60. extremity(exter :outside, beyond) - of despair(adj.extreme)

* extremist, extraterritoriality

external(adj.outside, outer, n) - internal(domestic)

exterior(adj.n. a good man with a rough -.) - interior

extraordinary(very strange, unusual or special, remarkable)

extraneous(not related, not belonging)

extrinsic(not essential) - intrinsic(existing within)

extrovert

 

61. facetious(F.facetia : n.jest) = joking, witty a - remark / young man

 

62. famish(fames:hunger) = starve

* famine(n.very serious lack of food, widespread -), fatigue(vt.tire, weary, exhaust, n.condition of being very tired), fatigable, indefatigable(untiring, - workers)

 

63. forecast(cast :throw) = predict, foretell, prophesy

 

foretell

foresight - hindsight(the ability to see why & how something happened)

* downcast(adj.depressed, discouraged, sad), outcast(n. adj homeless & friendless) Korean Broadcasting System, Munhwa Broadcasting Company, simulcast, casting vote

 

64. forfeit(foris :beyond, outside facere :make, do) - gain # confer suffice

* foreign, forest

 

65. fragile(frag :break) = breakable, weak, frail, delicate, easily broken

 

fragment(v.n.a small piece or part of something :tiny -s of glass), fraction(small part or bit. We're selling it at a - of original price. adj.fractional. He made a - payment, not a full one.)

* fracture(the breaking of a bone :compound / simple -s), infringe(violate, transgress),

 

66. galore = plentiful, abundant

 

eye-popping(Popeye, popcorn)

whop(beat, defeat)ping, thump(strike heavily)ing, stagger(walk or move unsteadily)ing,

 

67. genuine(genus :birth, origin, race, species, kind) = real, authentic

 

ingenuous(simple, artless, naive, candid)

ingenious(clever, inventive, resourceful)

genesis

generate

degenerate

homogeneous(-geneity)

heterogeneous(-geneity)

* gene, gender(sex, male, female), general, generous, genitals(sexual organs), homosexual, lesbian, genetics(the study of heredity), genealogy(the study of family lines = pedigree), genius, gentleman, gentleman of the road(highway-man) "Sir, may I please have your wallet?" # confer Latin & Greek roots

 

68. hibernate(hibernus :adj.wintry) = spend the winter(- estivate) (n.hibernation - estivation) (adj.hibernal -estival)

shiver(vi.to shake becasue you are cold or frightened, It was so cold that we were all -ing. n.)

quiver(tremble slightly, n.)

quaver(<of a voice or a sound> to shake slightly n)

waver(to move slightly, The flame -ed and then went out. n)

 

69. hostile(hostis :enemy, army) = unfriendly, inhospitable, warlike, antagonistic, adverse, inimical (hospes:host, guest)

hostility(enmity, ill will, -ies : war)

a host of

hospitable = friendly

hospitality

hostel

hotel(motel : motorists' hotel)

hostage

hospice

* host(hospes :host, guest. hostess, multitude, throng, crowd) # confer hostile

 

70. intimidate(timid.adj.= afraid, timorous, fearful) = frighten, cow, overawe, scare, threaten, menace, bully, harass n.intimidation

 

71. illegible(legere :read, gather, choose, pick, select) = hard to read, unreadable, unintelligible

lexicon(dictionary<esp of Greek, Latin or Hebrew>)

lexicographer(lexicography)

dyslexia(a problem in reading)

dyslexic(n.adj)

* lecture, legend(That pitcher's fast ball is a -.), legible(decipherable), intellect(n.지성, 사고력, adj.intelligent총명한, 지성이 있는. Human beings are much more - than animals. - child / dog), intellectual(adj.지적인, 지성에 의지하는, 지력을 작용시키는, an - movie / argument, n.intelligentsia.), intelligible(comprehensible, clear), intelligence(mental ability, news or information, Intelligence Quotient, Central I- Agency. Federal Bureau of Investigation. International Atomic Energy Agency), collect(assemble, gather, accumulate), diligent(industrious), elect, elegant(dignified, polished, tasteful, excellent, n.elegance), elite(literal :chosen part), neglect(give too little attention or care to), select, colleague(literal:one who chosen along with another), college

 

72. immaculate(macula : spot, stain) = spotless, absolutely clean

* maculate(v.spot, pollute,

 

adj.impure, dirty, stained)

 

73. impatient(pati, pass, path :endure, suffer, feel) = restless, anxious

 

patient(patience, perseverance, impatience)

compatible

passive / active

impassive(unmoved, unconscious), passion, passionate(cool, quiet), compassion(sympathy, pity), antipathy, empathy, telepathy, pathos, pathetic(pitiful, emotional, a - sight), pathology(science of diseases), pathologist

 

74. inadvertently = unintentionally, thoughtlessly, accidentally # confer version

 

advertent(careful, heedful)

advertise. ad-balloon

 

75. inappropriate(proprious :one's own, peculiar, suitable) = unsuitable, unbecoming, improper

 

proper(suitable, correct, right, fitting, n.propriety<correctness of social or moral behavior, politeness, reasonableness, fitness>)

property(possessions, estate, ownership, private / public -, movable / real -, a man of -)

appropriation(v.appropriate :put on one side for a special use, take & use as one's own, adj.suitable, correct, fit, proper)

 

76. inaudible(audire :hear)

* audible, audience, auditorium, auditory, audit, auditor, audition, audiology, audiovisual education, aids(teaching aids, hearing aids), auscultate, auscultation, auscultator

 

77. incense(candere :burn, glow, shine) = enrage, madden, infuriate

 

incandescent(very bright, shining brilliantly)

candle(candlelight)

candid(frank, fair, just, pure, sincere, white)

candidate(applicant)

censer, censor, censorship, censure(rebuke), sensor

kindle(The sparks -d the dry wood. The setting sun -d the sky. Her eyes -d with excitement.)

 

78. infallible(in:not + fall:fall, fail, deceive) = certain, sure, absolutely reliable n.infallibility

fallible(liable to error)

fallacious(delusive, misleading, based on error), fallacy(n.false or mistaken belief, false reasoning or argument)

fault(n.flaw, defect, imperfection, failing. vt.blame, criticize), default(fail to fulfil an agreement, contract, or duty, n.act of -ing)

false (mistaken, incorrect)

faucet(tap in GB)

fail

 

79. inter(ter :earth) = bury

 

terrace, territory(land or district), subterranean(underground, secret, hidden), terrestrial (earthly, worldly, earthy - celestial), extraterrestrial(alien), the Mediterranean, terra incognita, terracotta(hard reddish brown baked clay), terrain, terramycin, extraterritoriality

 

80. inundate(unda :wave) = flood, swamp, deluge # confer Latin roots und, unda

 

undulate(move or lie like waves rising & falling, undulating hills)

fluctuate(fluc :flow. rise & fall, change from one state to another)

abound(The river -s in fish.), abundant(more than enough, plentiful), abundance(a great quantity, plenty)

redound(contribute, promote), redundant(surplus, superflous, n.redundancy)

 

81. jeopardy(jeu :game + parti :divide) = danger, peril(periri :try)

 

jeopardize, endanger, imperil, hazard, risk, jeopardous, dangerous, perilous, hazardous, experience, expert(adroit), experiment

 

82. Jolly(jo :good. merry, gay, happy, high-spirited) Roger(right, O.K) = pirates' flag

 

* a pirated edition, pirate radio / tape rejoice, enjoy, joke(jest)

 

83. lineage = ancestry, family, extraction(descendant, ascendant, ancestor)

 

lineal(a - descendant / heir, matrilineal, patrilineal)

linear(of or in lines)

interlinear

delineate(describe, portray)

* align(arrange in a line, The pictures were all -ed perfectly. bring into agreement, close co-operation, They -ed themselves with us. n.-ment)

 

84. lucrative(lucrum :gain) = profitable, gainful

 

lucre(<in a bad sense> profit, riches, money = pelf. He was a man who would do anything for lucre), luck, lucky filthy lucre(illicit gains)

 

85. magnify(magnus :great, big + facere :make) = enlarge, amplify

 

magnitude(largeness, importance)

magnate(a wealty & powerful person in business(an oil -, musical -)

magnanimous(generous, great-minded, noble in mind)

magna cum laude(with great praise)

magnum opus(masterpiece)

* Magna Carta(the Great Charter) maxim(a short saying that expresses a general truth), magnificient(grand, excellent, gorgeous), magnifico, major, majority, minor, minority, magnicide, parricide(matricide, patricide), homicide(justifiable -, excusable -, murder), infanticide, suicide

 

86. miniature = small, tiny, diminutive, minute

 

minimum(n.adj), minimize, maximum(n.adj), maximize

diminish(lessen, abate, minimize)

* minor, minority, major, majority, minute(very small), minus(- plus. without, go out - a hat. less, a grade of C-.), minuscule(tiny, small.-capital), minister, menu

 

87. mitigate(mitis :mild, soft) = alleviate, reduce, lessen, soften, relieve, appease, moderate, soothe - enhance, heighten, strengthen, augment

melt(dissolve, soften, fade)

mollify(make someone calmer or quieter)

meek(mild, gentle, unprotesting, uncomplaining, as - as a lamb)

sleek (soft, smooth, glossy, as - as a cat, a - sports car)

slake(satisfy, quench, make less strong)

 

88. multitude(multi :many, tude :state of) = crowd, throng, horde, swarm

 

multitudinous(very numerous, great in number)

multiple(adj. n.multiplex), multiplication

multilateral(many-sided)

* multiform(adj. Snowflakes are - but always hexagonal.), myriad(a - of), polytheism, monotheism, atheism, pantheism, theology, polygamy(gamy :marriage, monogamy), polyclinic, multinational corporation(MNC), multipurpose dam, multivocal(equivocal, ambiguous, vague, obscure)

 

89. municipal(muni :citizen of a free town, public office, exchange) = of a city or town having self-government(the - council)

* metropolis(chief city of a country, capital. the -, London), municipalism, municipality, mutual, communicate, communication, communion, community, mutate, mutable, mutation, commute(v.n), commuter(n, adj - couple)

 

90. novice(novus :new) = recruit, rookie, tyro, apprentice

 

novel(new, different & interesting, a - suggestion, a - idea, n. novelty), innovate(introduce new things, n.innovation, technical -s in industry), renovate(repair sth & put it back into good condition, n.renovation, costly -s of old house), supernova, Casanova(new house), Casablanca(white house), neon(- light / sign), Neopas, neo-Marxism, neo-Nazism, neo-Imperialism the Neolithic Age(the Paleolithic Age)

 

91. objective(ob : toward + ject : throw) = n. aim, end, goal adj. subjective

 

object(n.material thing, purpose or aim, thing aimed at, an - of pity / admiration v. They -ed to the adoption of children from abroad.)

inject(n.injection)

deject(make sad or gloomy n.dejection<low spirits>)

project(n.<plan for a> scheme or undertaking. v. make plans for, - a picture on a screen, an apparatus to - missiles into space)

eject(cast out, expel, emit, discharge)

abject(adj.miserable, lack of pride or self-respect)

* reject(refuse, discard, throw up, vomit. n.-ion)

 

92. opinionated(opinari : select, think) = obstinate, stubborn, headstrong

 

* adopt, adept, adapt, opinion, option

 

93. original(oriri :rise) = initial, inaugural, earliest n.originality(creativity, ingenuity, inventiveness)

orient / occident(accident, coincide)

aboriginal(adj.n)

aborigine(native)

abort(end a pregnancy, miscarry), abortion(misbirth)

* origin(the - of civilization, words of Latin -), originate(begin, create, invent)

 

94. perceive(per ;through + capere :take, seize) = observe, recognize, realize, grasp mentally

 

(cap, capt, cip, cept, ceiv)

* capable(competent - incapable), capacity, capability, capacious(roomy, spacious), captivate(fascinate, attract), capture(take, arrest), captive(adj.n), caption, participate, anticipate(look forward to, expect), accept(acceptable, acceptance), except(exception), intercept(cut off, hinder), deceive(mislead, trick, n.deception, deceit), receive, receptive(He is - to new ideas.) receiver, receipt, reception, conceive(imagine, think), conceivable(It is the best means conceivable.), conception, contracept(ion), disciple(pupil, follower), ESP(extrasensory perception), recipe(a medical prescription, directions for making a dish, method)

 

95. permanent(manere :remain, dwell, stay) = lasting, stable, everlasting, perpetual, eternal - temporary, transient. - wave = perm

 

mansion(large & stately house)

remnant(small part that remains)

immanent(inherent, present), imminent(minere :project, impending), remain, remainder, maintain, maintenance

 

96. pilfer(L.rob, filch, steal<in small amounts>) n.pilferage :act of -ing

 

purloin(<formal>steal), plunder(v. steal goods from people or a place, often by force & during a war. n.goods stolen), pillage(plunder, esp in war), booty(valuable goods taken from a place by a victorious army), loot(v.n.money or goods stolen by soldiers in war time, or by thieves, esp during periods of social unrest)

 

97. portal(port :harbor, carry) = door, entrance

 

porch(veranda), port(seaport, airport), transport, import, export, report, reporter, portable(- computer), support, porter, important

 

 

100. preface(fari :speak) = foreword, introduction, prologue - epilog(ue), vt. usher(안내인, 수위, 접수원) in

 

affable(polite & friendly, easy to talk to, sociable, good-natured, courteous)

 

fable(a short story that teaches a lesson, Aesop's -s. fabulist<우화작가>)

 

profess(공언하다, 분명히 말하다, 고백하다, 교수하다 : affirm, claim)

 

confess(자백하다, 자인하다, 고백하다, 고해하다 : admit, acknowledge)

 

fate(destiny, fortune, doom), fatal(deadly, lethal, mortal ; immortality, mortician <undertaker>, morgue), fame(reputation, renown), prophet, prophesy, prophecy

 

confabulate(chat)

 

ineffable(inexpressible)

infant(baby, <legal> minor)

 

nefarious(극악한, 사악한, 버릇없는, 불손한 : villainous, very wicked)

 

 

99. presently(pre:before + esse:to be) = soon, before long, at once, immediately

* present,

 

absent, essence

 

101. prodigious(pro:before + digious:thing said) = vast, enormous, huge, immense, colossal,

 

gargantuan, wonderful

* prodigy(n.sth -, a violin / child -) genius

 

102. prohibit(habere :hold, have habitare :live, dwell n. -ion) = forbid, ban, prevent - permit, inhibit(hinder, restrain, ban, repress, n.-ion), exhibit(exhibition), habit, habituate, habituation, cohabit, habitat, habitant, habitable, habitual(one's - seat, a - criminal), behave, behavior

 

103. province(official duty) = proper business or duty, sphere, jurisdiction, responsibility

 

provincial(local, rustic, narrow, regional, rural. - taxes / government / governor / tour / roads / accent), provincialism(dialect, narrowness of outlook, prejudice, illiberality)

 

104 punctual(pungere, punctus :a point, dot punct :prick, pierce) = on time, prompt n.punctuality(poign, punge, punct)

* acupuncture(acus :needle. -ist), acupressure, compunction(scruple, the pricking of conscience, remorse), punctuate, punctuation, pointer, appoint(n.-ment, disappointment), poignant(very painful, bitter, biting), pungent(- aroma of garlic), puncture (blow out :get a flat tire)

 

105. puncture(pungere :pierce) = pierce, perforate We had a flat tire. # confer punctual

 

acupuncture, acupressure

compunction(shame, guilt, Shame on you! She kept me waiting without the slightest -.)

pungent(acid, poignant)

poignant(painful)

 

106. quintet(group of five) solo, duet, trio, quartet, quintet,

 

quintuple(fivefold), quintuplets

quintessence(the perfect example of sth, the - of virtue / politeness), Pentagon, pentangular, Penta 5

 

107. rarity(rarus :loose, thin, scarce) = uncommon, unusual, thin, underdone(medium, well-done)

 

rarely, hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely I can barely hear you.

 

108. rebuke(buchier :beat) = reprimand, censure severely, criticize sharply, reprove, scold, reproach, admonish, preach

 

109. reconcile(calere : call) n.reconciliation adj.(ir)reconcilable

 

council(assembly)

conciliate(calm the anger of, soothe, concilator) adj, conciliatory (trying to end a disagreement, a - gesture, a - tone)

 

 

110. reflection(flectere :bend) = 반사, 반영, 숙고, 반성 ; careful thought

 

reflex(adj.n.vt a - action), reflect(ponder, contemplate, meditate, mull, rebound adj ; reflective = reflecting, thoughtful, n. reflector)

 

flexible(tractable, pliant, pliable, compliant - inflexible), flexibility

 

deflect(turn aside, The bullet struck a wall & was -ed from its course.)

 

genuflect

* inflect(<of a word> change the form of its ending according to its use, modulate<the voice>, bend inwards, curve ; The word "child" is -ed in plural by adding "-ren" to it.) n. inflection(굴곡, 음성의 조절, 어형 변화) flextime(Do you work -?)

 

 

111. relinquish(linquere :leave) = give up, abandon, surrender, yield, resign

 

delinquent(doing wrong, failing to perform a duty)

juvenile delinquency

derelict(adj. abandoned, forsaken, a - old house, n.)

relic

 

112. reserved(servare :keep, hold, servire :serve) = silent - communicative

 

 

* serve, servant, service, reserve(-d seats), reservation(booking), reservoir, observe(obey, comply with, conform to, follow, watch, behold), observer, observation, deserve, conserve(preserve :protect, save, keep safe, n.preservation, adj.n.preservative maintain, adj.conservative n.conservation), persevere(endure), perseverance(patience)

 

113. restrain(stringere :draw tight n.-t) = restrict, hold back, check, curb, bridle - promote, urge

strain(v, n) stress(v, n)

constrain(compel n.-t)

constrict(limit someone's freedom of action, make tight or smaller)

restrict(limit)

* straight(Is my tie -?), strict(exact, complete), stretch(She -ed the rope between two poles. The forest -ed for miles.), strait, string

 

114. resume(re :again + sume :take, use, waste, top, highest)

 

consume(eat or drink, use up, waste away), consumer(producer), consumption(production)

presume(assume, suppose, venture, n.presumption, assumption), presumptuous(too bold or self-confident), sum(- total, This is the - of my work.), summary(n, summing-up, abridgment, abstract adj.brief, - court. v.summarize), summit, summon, briefing

 

* re : 반복(反復) respect, reconstruction, rebel(bel:war, v.n. # confer belligerent bellicose<combative, hostile>), recreation, reincarnate(v.return to life in a new body after dying, adj. n.reincarnation), rebound, rebuild, recall, remind, recollect(n.recollection), recoil, recharge(discharge), recital, rediscover, renaissance(nasci :birth, native, nation, nature), remove, renew, reopen, replace, replant, reproduce, resign, reelect, reflect, reform, retest, return, reuse, review, revival, rebirth, rewind(Fast.ForWarD), rewrite, recommend(recommendation), repose(rest)

 

* re : 반대(反對) recover, regress, retrogress, repay, revert, receipt, refund(v.They -ed us our money when the play was cancelled. n.repayment), resist, resistance, the Resistance

 

* re : 강화(强化) reinforce, redouble, research, rejoice(He -d over the birth of his sun.), reshuffle, repress(I could hardly - my laughter. a -ed desire to steal, the repression of political opposition)

 

115. retract(re :back + trahere :draw, drag) = withdraw, draw back, recant

 

* attract(allure), attractive, attraction(power of pulling towards, magnetic -), detract, detractive, detractor, detraction, contract, contractive, contractor, contraction(the - of a muscle), distract(divert, Don't - me.), distractive, distraction, extract(elicit, deduce), extractive, extraction, subtract, subtractive, subtraction, abstract(adj, vt, n), abstraction, protract(prolong, extend), protraction, portray, portrait, trace, trail, tractor

 

116. reverse(vertere:turn) = adj.v.turn completely about, revoke, annul, cancel, regress, revert, return n.opposite, defeat # confer version

* in - order, the - side of a carpet / coin,

 

117. rummage(rum :run) = ransack, search thoroughly, scrounge

 

scurry(move quickly with short steps, The mouse scurried away. n)

scrounge(get something without paying for it), rumor, ramp, rampant(rampageous), rampage

 

118.security(curare : concern, care) = safety, protection (in)secure(safe, free from care, fear, worry)

manicure, pedicure

sinecure(a well-paid job with few duties)

curator(official in charge <esp of a museum or art gallery>)

procure(obtain with care or effort, This book is out of print & difficult to -.)

(in)accurate(correct, exact, precise, careful)

 

119. shallow(ME.not deep) = superficial, frivolous, trivial, trifling(- water / talk / argument) -profound(deep, intellectual, recondite, abstruse)

 

120. shrink = recoil, flinch, cringe, quail, retreat, draw back, cower, shorten, shrivel, constrict, diminish, dwindle, curtail, wince

 

shrimp(very small person, lobster)

shrivel(become dried or curled<through heat, frost, dryness or old age>)

wrinkle(form into lines & folds)

shrug(lift <the shoulders> slightly <to show indifference, doubt, etc>)

shred(fragment, cut or tear into small pieces)

writhe(twist or roll about in great pain)

wither(become dry, faded or dead)

crumple(press or crush into folds or creases)

 

121. simultaneously(simul :similar) = concurrently # confer Latin roots simil, simul

 

similar

simulate(imitate, feign)

simile(comparison of one thing to other, He is as brave as a lion. He has a heart like stone.), metaphor(Life is a journey. a heart of stone / gold)

facsimile(an exact copy of a picture or writing)

semblance(appearance, likeness, outward form, resemblance)

 

resemble(She -s her mother. They - each other in shape but not in color)

 

 

122. stamina(stare : stand) = 지구력, 체력, 끈기, 정력 strength, vigor, endurance

 

constant(불변의, 일정한, 부단한, 충실한 stable, continual, regular, faithful, resolute), state, statue, stance, circumstance, station, status, status quo(state in which, 그대로의 상태, 현상 : maintain the - ), insist, resist, subsist(They -ed on bread & water.), (in)consistent(일관된, 모순이 없는), desist(cease), assist(help, n.assistant), persist(She -s in wearing that old-fashioned hat), destitute(결핍한, 빈곤한, 가난한 needy, indigent), institute(vt. establish, set up, start, found. n. society or organization for a special purpose ; its office or building, Language Research Institute), institution(an established organization which provides people with help, work, medical treatment or protection, such as a school or hospital, the - of a merriage), constitute(comprise, contain, establish), constitution(system of government, laws & principles according to which a state is governed, general structure of a thing), substitute(v.take the place of sth, n), prostitute(hooker, whore), restitution(the act of returning sth lost or stolen to its owner, or of paying for damage), superstition(a belief which is not based on reason. adj.superstitious, a - fear of black cats)

 

 

123. subsequently(sub :under + sequ, secut:follow) = later, afterwards adj, subsequent, n.subsequence, sequence(succession, in alphabetical -, a - of warning signals, a - of tenses)

obsequious(too eager to obey or serve)

consecutive(following continuously, on five - days)

execute(carry out, give effect to, - sb's commands, - a plan / a purpose / a will / a murderer, n.execution, executive), persecute(punish, treat cruelly, esp because of religious beliefs, n.persecution, persecutor), prosecutor's office

extrinsic(extraneous)

ensue(happen later, happen as a result, follow)

pursue(- a robber / a bear, - pleasure, - one's studies, n.pursuit)

sequel(Famine has often been the - of war. Her action had an unfortunate -.)

non sequiter(conclusion which does not follow from the premises, paradoxical result)

 

124. surmount(mount : climb) = conquer, overcome

 

mountain

mound(small hill)

dismount(get down, remove <sth> from its mount, cause to fall)

paramount(para:beside.by adj, supreme<- court, - commander, chief. n.a great emperor)

mountebank(swindler, fraud, imposter, doctor:charlatan, quack)

* amount, demount

 

125. survive(sur :above, beyond + vivere :live) = outlive

 

revive(The flowers will - in water. n.revival, a religious -)

viable(able to exist)

vivid(lively, active, full of life, clear & distinct, a - description, - in one's memory)

vivacious(animated, lively, gay)

* Viva(Long live), vivace(music :briskly), vivify(give life to, animate), vigor, invigorate, vigorous, vital, vitamine, survival of the fittest, survivor

 

126. sober(brius :drunk) = not drunk, serious

 

sobriety(seriousness, abstinence)

inebriate(vt.make drunk, intoxicate, excite, adj.drunk, n.person who is habitually drunk. drunkenness)

booze(n.alcoholic drink<beer, whisky> vt.drink in excess)

beverage(bibere :drink. any sort of drink except water, <milk, tea, wine, beer>)

absorb(ab :from + sorbere :drink in, suck = take or suck in, engross)

soak(absorb, become wet, drink alcohol excessively & habitually)

* imbue(fill, dye, tinge, inspire, -d with patriotism / hatred), imbibe(drink, absorb, take in, - ideas / knowledge)

 

127. spine = back bone, vertebra, thorn, barb

 

128. stroll = quiet, unhurried walk(go for a -), ramble, amble, saunter, promenade, ramble(walk for pleasure, with no special destination, n), amble(vi.ride or walk at an easy pace, walk slowly, n)

saunter(walk in a leisurely way, n)

loiter(move slowly, with frequent stops)

stride(v. walk with long steps, n), strut

stagger(walk or move unsteadily <from weakness, a heavy burden, drunkness>)

falter(hesitate, stammer, stumble)

totter(move or walk in an unsteady way, The old lady -ed down the stairs)

toddle(walk with short, uncertain steps as a baby does)

trudge(plod, walk with heavy steps, slowly & with efforts, n.long tiring walk)

stamp(walk with noisy, heavy steps, n.rubber -, revenue -, - album, - dealer)

)tread(stamp or crush, Don't - on the flowers)

 

129. suffice(facere :make) = be enough, adequate, or sufficient

 

* (fact-, fict-, fect-, fac-, fic- :make) fact, factor, benefactor, malefactor(offender, criminal), faction, factitious(fictitious, artificial-natural), factory, manufacture, satis(enough)faction, faculty(talent, gift:the - of making friends easily, the - of speech, - meeting), facile(easily done or obtained, - victory, superficial, - explanation), facility(difficulty), fashion(mould), fiction, nonfiction, surfeit, counterfeit(n. adj.- money / jewels / grief, vt.copy, imitate), fait accompli(F. accomplished fact), effect(result, outcome, cause & -, sound / visual -, vt.bring about, accomplish), affect(vt. have an influence or impression on, <of diseases> attack, Worry affected his health. pretend), infect(contaminate, - a wound, -ed with cholera), defect(fault, imperfection, shortcoming), perfect(a - game / crime / stranger), deficient, sufficient, efficient(capable, an - secretary, producing a desired or satisfactory result, - methods of teaching), proficient(skilled, adept, expert), profit, profitable(lucrative, gainful), facsimile, artifact(sth made by human beings)

* certify, verify, classify, simplify, signify, amplify, beautify, dignify, fortify, glorify, horrify, terrify, justify, magnify, purify, satisfy, specify, unify

 

130. timorous(tim :fear) = afraid, timid

* timidity, intimate(close, detailed), intimacy, intimidate(frighten, daunt, cow)

 

131. tolerate(toleratus :bear, sustain, tolerate) = endure, bear, stand, permit

 

extol(tollere:lift = raise, praise highly)

elate(late:carry, bring, bear = stimulate, make high-spirited)

relate(make a connection between two things, tell a story)

translate(interpret, translator, interpreter)

superlative, comparative, positive

talent(a special natural ability or skill)

* tolerable(endurable - intolerable, unbearable, painful. Is the world becoming an - place to live in?), tolerant(tolerating - intolerant, narrow-minded n.intolerance Racial - is one of the greatest shames of mankind.)

 

132. transient(ire :go) = fleeting, short-lived, momentary, evanescent, passing, temporary, transitory - permanent

transition(change), transitive(taking a direct object, - verb)

exit(way out, an emergency -, Exit Romeo)

circuit(a racing / closed / short -, regular journey or itinerary)

coitus(coition, sex, sexual intercourse)

obituary(formal notice of sb's death, with a short account of his life)

ambition(ambi :on both sides, around = strong desire, adj, ambitious)

 

 

* (trans :across, through) transparent(Window glass is -.), traverse(cross), trespass(intrude), transact(conduct, complete, carry on), transport(transportable), transform(transformation), translate(translator, interpreter), transitory(transient), transplant, transmit(transfer, convey, dispatch, n.transmission), transatlantic, transcontinental, transfer(fer:carry) + resistor = transistor

* (ambi :around, about, both) ambidextrous(ambisinister, dexterous), ambivalent(n.ambivalence), ambiguous(n.ambiguity), ambisexual, amphibian, ambivert, introvert, extrovert

* it(go) initial(an - letter, J.F.K., W.C), initiate(begin, originate, introduce, commence(n.commencement), initiator, initiative(the lead, originality), issue(issir :go out), orbit(orb :circle), sedition, itinerary(a plan of a journey), itinerant(an - library), perish(completely go),

 

133. tuition(tuitus :watch over)

intuition(v.intuit)

tutor(v. n.private teacher, -ess)

tutelage(guardianship, a tutelary angel)

 

134.urban(urbs:city)

* municipal, municipality, municipalism

urbane(polite, courteous, refined, elegant-crude, rough, rude)

suburb(a - of Seoul) Yuppies(young urban professionals)

* urbanize, urbanization

 

135. vacant(vacuus :empty) = empty, unoccupied n.vacancy

 

vacuum(- cleaner), vacate(give up living in, leave unoccupied), vacation, evacuate(withdraw from, leave empty, - fort, - town, move people from a dangerous place to a safer place) vain(without use, value, meaning or result, - attempt, - hopes, - promises), vanity vanish(disappear suddenly, cease to exist), evanescent(quickly fading, transient - life) evanescence, vaunt(boast), void(adj.empty, vacant, without n.an empty space), devoid(without, empty of, - of shame / sense), wane(become less or weaker), want, wanton (immoral, unchaste, licentious), license plate

 

136. velocity(velox :swift, speedy) = speed, rapidity, swiftness (accerlerated velocity)

 

velocipede(early kind of bicycle)

velodrome

volatile(unstable, fickle, fleeting, not lasting long)

 

 

137. version(vertere :turn) = account, story, description, adaptation, translation (번역, 개작, 각색, 설명, 변형, 개조, 해석, 연주, 연출)

 

conversion(전환, 전향, 개종, the - of cream into butter)

 

diversion(기분전환, distraction, Chess & billiards are his favorite -s.)

 

aversion(싫음, 혐오, disgust, repulsion, strong dislike, adj.averse :opposed, declined)

 

adversity(역경, 불운 misfortune, affliction. A friend is best found in -. adverse :거스르는, 반대의, 불리한, 불운한 unfavorable, contrary or hostile, - weather conditions)

 

divert(전환하다, 주의를 딴곳으로 돌리다 turn in another direction, amuse, entertain), diverge(분기하다, 갈라지다 separate & go on in different directions), diverse(of different kinds)

 

convert(전환, 개심, 개종시키다 change, convertible n), converge(Crowds are converging on the stadium. converse(vi.<formal>talk, adj.opposite, n. 古 conversation)

 

* revert(되돌아가다 return), reverse(v. adj. the - side of a coin or disc, in - order, in the - direction, n. 역, 반대, 뒤, 불운, 패배 opposite, contrary, defeat), subvert(전복, 파괴, 타도, 멸망시키다 destroy, overthrow <religion, government>), adversary(opponent), advertent(ly) inadvertent(ly), advertise, ad-balloon, avert(turn away, prevent, avoid), controvert(deny, oppose, n.controversy), incontrovertable(certain, unquestionable, indisputable), introvert, extrovert, ambivert, versatile(many-sided, all-around)

 

 

138. vicinity(vicinus : near) = neighborhood, locality

 

village, villa(country house with a large garden or used for holidays), villain(rascal, scoundrel, wrongdoer, criminal, -ess / hero, heroine - heroin), villainous(evil, bad)

 

 

141. vocation(vocare : call) = occupation(점유, 점령, 점거, 직업, 업무, 취업, 소일 ; 그것을 위해 훈련받은 직업), calling, business(실업, 상업관게의 영리목적의 직업), trade(무역, 장사, 교역, 거래), profession, job - avocation

 

equivocal(두가지 뜻으로 해석되는, 확실치 않은, 모호한 ; questionable, suspicious, an - reply. an - success)

 

vociferous(noisy, yelling, a - crowd)

 

provoke(stimulate, make angry, vex, cause, arouse, n.provocation)

 

convoke(회의, 의회를 소집하다 ; summon, call together, n. convocation ; 소집, 집회)

 

evoke(불러내다, <감정, 기억> 일깨우다, <웃음, 갈채> 자아내다), invoke(간절히 바라다, 염원하다), revoke(<명령 약속 면허> 취소, 폐지, 무효로하다, 해약하다), irrevocable(past recall, beyond recall)

 

advocate(vt.support. n.person who speaks in favor of sb or sth. He is a strong - of prison reforms.) voiceless(dumb ; the deaf and dumb), mute(무언의, 침묵한, 소리가 나지않는), silent), vocabulary, vocational school

 

 

140. volition(vol : will, wish) = will, do sth of one's own -.

 

(in)voluntary(spontaneous, unforced, uncompelled, willful), volunteer

benevolent(kind & helpful, benignant), malevolent(spiteful, malignant)

 

 

 

Part IV Latin Roots

 

 

1. AM, AMOR : love, liking, friendliness

 

amateur(professional, expert), amiable(an - child, lovable, good-natured), amicable(an - manner, neighborly, friendly, - settlement / antagonistic), amity(friendship, goodwill / enmity), amorous(the - Romeo, amative, amatory, loving, - affairs, - glances, - songs), enamored(charmed, captivated)

* amateurish(inexpert, imperfect), amateurism(amateurship), amorist(sensualist, writer of a love-story), paramour(illicit partner of a married man or woman, adultery, adulterer, adulteress, mistress), amour(love affair, romance)

 

2. ANIM : mind, will, spirit

 

animosity(ill will <usually leading to active opposition>, violent hatred), animus(ill will

 

<usually controlled>), equanimity(composure, calmness), magnanimous(forgiving, generous) unanimity, unanimous

* anima(mind, spirit), animal, animate(give life to, make lively), animator, animation, (liveliness, animated cartoon), animism(belief that all objects have souls)

 

3. FIN : end, boundary, limit

 

affinity(kinship, sympathy, liking, attraction), confine(restrict), definitive(conclusive, final / tentative, provisional), finale, finis

* finish, fine, finance, financial, finite, infinite infinitive, final, semifinal, refine, refinery(a sugar -, an oil -), define, definite(a - answer, - article, indefinite), definition, confinement(imprisonment)

 

4. FLU, FLUC, FLUX : flow

 

fluctuate, fluent(fluency), fluid(solid, rigid, fixed), flux(stability), influx(inflow, inpouring)

* flow, float, flourish, flood, reflux, influence, influential, influenza, superfluous(more than is needed or wanted), affluent(wealthy, abundant, opulent, n.affluence, abundance. opulence), confluence(flowing together, esp a place where two rivers unite, crowd, throng)

 

5. GEN, GENER, GENIT : birth, kind, class

 

degenerate(deteriorate), engender(create, generate, produce, cause), genre(kind, sort, category), progenitor(forefather), regenerate

* the Genesis, genitals(the productive organs), gene(one of the factors controlling heredity), genetics(the study of heredity, genetic engineering), genealogy(the study of family lines, pedigree), generation(- gap), generator, generous, generosity, general(relating to all kinds, - hospital), genuine(true), genial(mild, warm, sociable, kindly), gentle(man), gentry, photogenic, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

 

6. GREG : gather, flock

 

aggregate(total, collective), aggregation(assemblage), congregation(flock), gregarious, segregation(isolation)

* desegregate(abolish <esp racial> segregation in), desegregation

 

7. HERE, HES : stick

 

adhere(stick, cling, adherence), cohere(stick together), coherence(consistency), cohesion

 

(union, unity), inherent(intrinsic, essential)

* heredity(hereditary), heritage(that which has been or may be inherited), inherit(receive property, a title, etc as heir, inheritance), hesitate, hesitative, hesitation), adherent, adhesive(instantaneous -)

 

8. LATERAL : side

 

collateral(parallel, additional, supplementary), equilateral, lateral, multilateral, quadrilateral, unilateral(one-sided)

* bilateral, latitude(longitude, altitude), lattice(lettuce wrapped rice)

 

9. LITERA : letter

 

alliteration, (il)literacy, literal, literary(having to do with letters or literature), literate(educated, able to read & write)

* literature, illiterate(ignorant), obliterate(erase)

 

10. LUC, LUM : light

 

elucidate(explain), lucid(clear / vague), luminary, luminous(shining brilliant), translucent(/ opaque)

* illuminate(illumination), luster, illustrate(illustration, instance), illustrator(a person who draws pictures, esp for a book), illustrious(famous), illustrative(adj), luxurious(n.luxury), deluxe(a - edition), lunar(of the moon, - calendar, - eclipse, pale<the - sunlight>, palid), lunatic(insane, mad), lux(a unit of illumination)

 

11. MAN, MANU : hand

 

emancipate(set free, liberate), manacle(handcuff), mandate(authoritative command, order), manipulate, manual(handbook), manuscript

* manage(conduct, management, manager), manner(method, mannerism), maneuver, manufacture(r), manicure

 

 

12. PEND, PENS : hang, pay

 

append(부가, 추가하다: attach / detach), appendix(부가물, 부록, 추가, 맹장), impending(imminent, overhanging), pendant(늘어뜨린 장신구), pending(waiting to be settled, until), suspend(stop temporarily, n.suspension, - bridge), suspense(anxiety, mental uncertainty)

 

 

* depend, dependable, dependent, dependence, pendulum, pensive(thoughtful), pension, independent, independence(- day, - hall), peninsula(of or like an island), pennant(a long narrow pointed flag, especially as used by schools sports teams, or on ships for signaling), penis, appendectomy(anatomy: 해부, 해부술<학>), expend,, expensive(costly), expense, compensate, dispense(dispense with, to get rid of and manage without), indispensable(too important to be without)

 

 

13. PON, POS : put

 

depose(dethrone), impose(inflict), postpone(put off, defer, delay), superimpose, transpose(interchange)

* pose, position, composition, compound(v.mix, combine, adj.Butterflies have excellent - eyes. n.mixture), propose, purpose(pur :pro), component(any of the parts that make up a whole machine or system), preposition, transposition, deposit, expose, posture (good / bad -, Humans have a naturally erect -. attitude, The governments - on this new trade agreement seems very unhelpful.), composure(calmness and complete control over your feelings), dispose(incline, Lack of sleep -s some people to headaches. determine, Man proposes, God -s. - of = to get rid of something), contraposition, oppose(ob :against), opposite(adj. n. prep), opponent(person against whom one fights, struggles, plays games, or argues), suppose(supposition), positive(definite, clear, explicit, certain, confident, practical, affirmative - negative), post(wooden -, winning -, finishing -, The ball hit the -. <=goalpost>, - card / office / box / code / man, AmE, mailbox / man, zip<Zone Improvement Program / Plan> code, The soldier was punished for falling asleep at his -. v.Did you - John the book?), poster

 

14. SCRIB, SCRIPT : write

 

conscript(draft, conscription), inscription(inscribe), prescribe(order, dictate, direct, order as a remedy, prescription), scribe(person who writes, author, journalist), script(scripter), subscriber(subscribe)

* describe, description, scribble(write hastily or carelessly, scribbler), manuscript, transcript(a written or printed copy of sth that was spoken), scripture(bible), circumscribe(restrict, n.circumscription), ascribe(impute), transcribe(- an ancient manuscript, A secretary -ed the witnesses' statements/the taped recordings)

 

15. SIMIL, SIMUL : similar, like, same

 

assimilate(absorb, assimilation), dissimilar(unlike, different - similar), similarity(likeness, resemblance - dissimilarity), simile, simulate(feign, imitate, assume), simultaneous(concurrent, coincident)

* fax(facsimile)

 

16. SOL, SOLI : alone, lonely, single

 

desolate(make lonely, deserted, forlorn / cheerful, joyful, happy), sole, soliloquy(monologue prologue, epilog), solitary(alone, single), solitude(loneliness, seclusion), solo

* solemn(serious), solemnity, console(comfort), consolation, insolent(proud / humble), insolence, isolate, isolation, obsolete(no longer used, out of date)

 

17. SOLV, SOLU, SOLUT : loosen

 

absolute(autocratic, despotic / relative, comparative), dissolution(disintegration, destruction, ruin), dissolve(disintegrate, melt), resolution(answer, solution), resolve(solve, explain, unravel), soluble(solvable / insoluble), solvent(insolvent)

* solve, absolve(acquit, exonerate, pardon, forgive / accuse, blame, punish), solution

 

18. UND, UNDA : wave, flow

 

abound(have, exist in great numbers or quantities, teem), abundant(plentiful / scarce), inundate(flood, overflow, deluge, overwhelm), redound(contribute, promote), redundant(superfluous, surplus)

* abundance, inundation(flooding), redundancy

 

19. VER, VERA, VERI : true, truth

 

aver(affirm confidently, assert / deny), veracity(truthfulness), verdict(decision of a jury opinion, judgment), verify(corroborate, substantiate, confirm), veritable(true, actual, genuine, real, authentic), verity(truth)

* veracious(true, truthful), verisimilitude(appearance, semblance, sth that seems to be true)

 

 

20. VID, VIS : see, look(주의해서 보다), sight(봄)

 

envision(마음에 그리다, 상상하다, 예상하다 = foresee, envisage), improvise(extemporize), invisible(visible), revise, video(video tape<cassette> recorder, videophone, cellular phone), visibility, visual

* evident(obvious, clear, apparent, plain) evidence, provide(supply, stipulate), providence(선견지명), individuality(character), vision, television, visit, advise, supervisor, supervise, supervision(감독, 관리, 지휘, 통제), view, preview, review(재조사, 회고, 복습, 평론), visage(얼굴, 용모), envy, wise, wisdom, wit, witness, visa

 

 

 

 

Part V Greek Word Elements

 

: 그리이스어계는 라틴어계보다 적지만 영어어휘의 무시할 수 없는 부분(약 25%)을 차지하고 있으므로 이에 대한 이해가 필요하다.

 

 

1. AUT, AUTO : self

 

authentic(genuine, reliable, trustworthy / false, fictitious), autobiography, autocrat(crat :ruler = despot), autograph, automatic(- sprinkler), automation, automaton(robot), autonomous(nomos:law. self-governing, independent), autonomy(self-government), autopsy(opsis :a sight. postmortem)

* autohypnosis, Autobahn(Adolf Hitler), autobicycle(autobike, motorbike, motorbicycle, bike), automobile, motorshow, autorace, author, authority, autotheater(drive-in theater)

 

2. CRACY : government

 

aristocracy(aristos:best), autocracy, bureaucracy(bureau:desk, table), democracy, plutocracy, technocracy, aristocrat, Democrat, bureaucrat, plutocrat(plutos:wealth), technocrat, autocrat

* mobocracy(ochlocracy), theocracy, nomocracy(nomo:law)

 

3. DEM, DEMO : people

 

demagogue(agogos:leader. rabble-rouser), democratic, democratize(democratization), epidemic (epi:upon, among. wide-spread)

* the Democratic Party(democrat), demonstrate(demonstration, Demo Sale), demography(demographer), demotic(popular), demotics, endemic disease

 

4. PAN, PANTO : all, complete

 

panacea(cure-all, universal remedy), Pan-American, pandemonium(wild uproar, wild disorder), panoply(hopla:arms), panorama(horama:a view), pantomime(mimos:a mimic. pantomimist)

* Pan-Pacific, Pan-Asia, Pandora's box, pantology, pantheism(monotheism, polytheism), pantheon(the Pantheon, Paris)

 

5. CHRON, CHRONO : time

 

anachronism(ana:against), chronicle(history, annals, the Chronicles), chronological, chronology, synchronize(make simultaneous. synchronized swimming)

* synchronicity(synchronism), synchronous(- orbit, - sattelite), chronic(- disease, - smoker), chronograph(stopwatch), chronometer

 

6. MANIA : madness, insane impulse, craze

 

kleptomania(kleptes:a thief), mania(madness, insanity, excessive, fondness, craze), maniac, maniacal(insane, raving), pyromania(pyr:fire, heat. pyrography)

* bibliomania, fishing maniac(buff. theater -, baseball -, travel -), megalomania(c), monomania(c)

 

7. PED : child (Latin : foot)

 

encyclopedia, orthopedic(ortho:straight. orthopedics), pedagogue(agogos:leader), pedagogy, pediatrician, pediatrics

* pedal, pedalo, pedicure, pedigree, pedestrian, pedestal, biped, centipede, peddle(r), expedite(speed up. expedition<the Himalayan ->, trip), impede(impediment), octopus(octagon, October, <Rome.march>, octave)

 

8. ORTHO : straight, correct

 

orthodontist, orthodox(conventional, approved, conservative / heterodox), orthography(correct spelling), orthopedist, unorthodox

* orthopedics(branch of surgery dealing with bone deformities & diseases, dental orthopedics), orthoptics

 

9. GEN, GENO, GENEA : race, kind, birth

 

genealogy(lineage, pedigree), genesis(origin), heterogeneous(dissimilar), homogeneous(similar, uniform), homogenize

 

10. METER, METR : measure

 

barometer(baros:weight), chronometer(chronos:time), diameter(dia:through, across. thickness, width), meter(kilometer, centimeter. electric -, gas -), odometer(hodos:way. hodometer), photometer, speedometer, symmetry

* optometrist, optometer, optometry, metrology, metronome, geometry(geography, geology), pedometer, thermometer

 

11. ANT, ANTI : against, opposite

 

antagonist(agon:a contest = opponent, adversary, foe / protagonist), tibiotic(penicillin, treptomycin), antibody, antidote(dotos:given), antihistamine, antipathy(distaste, repugnance, dislike, enmity), antiseptic(septic tank), antitoxin(toxic, toxicity), antonym(onym:name, opposite)

* antiaircraftgun, anti-Communist, antinuke, antitank, antiabortion, antialcoholism, antipollution, antiwar, antinational, antisocial, antarctic(arctic), antithesis(Give me liberty or give me death)

 

12. ONYM, ONOMATO : name, word

 

acronym(acro:at the top), anonymous(nameless / onymous), homonym(bear, long, fast), onomatopoeia(poiein:to make), pseudonym(pseudo:false, pen name), synonym

* antonym, nominate(nominee, nomination), ignominy(dishonor), ignominious(dishonorable), heteronym(minute, resume), renown(fame), denominate(call, give a name to), denomination(name), nomenclature(system of naming)

 

13. DERM, DERMATO : skin

 

dermatologist(dermatology), dermis, epidermis(epi:upon), hypodermic(hypo:under, beneath), taxidermist(taxis:arrangement, division, taxidermy)

* derma(dermis), dermatitis(a disease of your skin, marked by redness, swelling, and pain)

 

14. NOM, NEM : management, distribution, law

 

agronomy(agros:a field, husbandry), astronomical(astro:a star), economic, economical(thrifty, frugal, sparing - extravagant), gastronome(gaster:to stomach, = epicure, gourmet), nemesis (nemein:to deal out, distribute)

* normal(average - abnormal, unusual), enormous(huge - diminutive, trivial), autonomy(the right of self-government), nomocracy

 

15. PHAN, PHEN : show, appear

 

cellophane(cellulose, cellular phone), fancy(imagination, illusion), fantastic(imaginary, unreal, odd), fantasy(imagination, fancy), phantom(specter, ghost, apparition, phantasm), phenomenal(extraordinary, remarkable, unusual), phenomenon(extraordinary person or thing, wonder, prodigy)

* phantasy(fantasy), phantasmagoria(changing group of images, real or imagined figures, etc as seen in a dream)

 

16. THERM, THERMO : heat

 

diathermy(dia:through), thermal(hot, warm. - energy / efficiency / fever / conductivity / nutron / power station / spring), thermometer(a clinical - ), thermonuclear(- war), thermostat(stat :stationary, thermoregulator)

* thermodynamics, thermoregulation, thermotheraphy, thermos(vacuum bottle)

 

17. PROT, PROTO : first

 

protagonist(antagonist), protocol(preliminary memorandum), protoplasm, prototype(model, pattern), protozoan(zoo)

* protohistory, protohuman, protozoology, protogalaxy

 

18. THESIS, THET : set, place, put

 

antithesis(contrary), epithet(epi:upon, descriptive expression), hypothesis(hypo:under), synthesis(synthesize<r> - analysis), synthetic(man-made, natural. - fiber, - analytic), thesis (proposition, essay)

* hypothesize, hypothetical(a - situation)

 

19. ASTER, ASTR, ASTRO : star

 

aster, asterisk(star-shaped mark), asteroid(very small planet, starfish), astrologer (astrology), astronaut(naut:sailor), astronomer(astronomy), disaster(calamity, catastrophe)

 

 

* astronavigation, astrophysics, <a planet, a fixed(permanent) star, a satellite, a comet(Halley's comet), a shooting star> Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto

 

20. GRAM, GRAPH : letter, writing

 

anagram(ana:back), cartographer(carto:map, Magna Carta:the Great Charter. cartography), cryptogram(kryptos:hidden), electrocardiogram(ECG :electrocardiograph), epigram(epi:upon), graphic(- design, vivid), graphite, monogram, monograph, stenographer(stenos:narrow, thin, small, stenography, shorthand), typographical(pertaining to or occurring in typography or printing)

* photograph(er), biography, autobiography, hologram(a picture of sth made with laser beams which makes it look solid not flat. holograph), holography, phonograph(gramophone), geography, oceanography, telegraphy(telegram), demography, graffiti(drawing, words, scratched on a hard surface, esp a wall), computer graphics, grammar(- school, elementary school, grammarian, glamo(u)r girl), pictogram(pictograph, pictography), program

 

 

 

 

 

 

VI ENLARGING VOCABULARY THROUGH CENTRAL IDEAS

 

 

1. SKILL

 

adroit(ad + rectus : right = skillful, clever, deft, dexterous, adept, artful, apt) - maladroit, inept, clumsy, ackward

* right(n.adj.v), correct(adj.v), erect(adj.v), rectitude(honesty, uprightness), rectify(Would you - the mistakes in my bill?), rectangle, address(n.v), redress(make things equal or fair again, make up for You should confess & - your errors), direct(rect : rule.adj, v)

ambidextrous(ambi:around, both + dexterous) = ambisinister

* ambient(surrounding), ambiguous(vague, uncertain), ambivalent(n.ambivalence), amphibian(adj, n), amphitheater(arena), ambivert

apprentice = tyro, novice, rookie, recruit # confer apprehend

aptitude(aptus:grasp, fit) = talent, bent

* adapt, adopt, adept, inept(absurd, said or done at the wrong time, - remark, totally unable to do sth. He's inept at tennis), inapt(unskillful, not bearing on the subject)

craftsman = artisan, expert # confer craft

dexterity = deftness, adroitness, skillfulness, handiness

versatile = many-sided, all-around # confer version

 

2. POVERTY

 

destitute(de:down+ stitute:stand)=needy, indigent # confer stamina

economize(-ize:to make) =be frugal

* familiarize, liberalize, pauperize, idolize, penalize, publicize, memorize, centralize

frugal(frux:fruit) = scanty, economical, sparing, saving, thrifty

* fructify(make or become fruitful or fertile), fruitful(productive), fruition(fulfilment of plans or aims)

impoverish = make very poor

* pauper(a person who is very poor, n.-ism, -dom, -age), paucity(fewness, scarcity, insufficiency)

indigence(indu:in + egere:to be in need) = poverty

* adj.indigent(needy, destitute, poor, impoverished)

 

3. WEALTH

 

affluent(flu:flow) = opulent, rich # confer Latin roots flu:flow

avarice(avere:desire) = greediness # Avarice blinds our eyes. Avarice is never satisfied.

* voracious(gluttonous, devouring, a - appetite / reader), devour(eat hungrily or greedily, engross), avid(eager, greedy, - for fame / applause n.avidity.He accepted the offer with -.), rapacious(adj.esp money, a - businessman, n.rapacity), rape(vt. violently force a woman to have sex when she does not want to, n.He was sent to prison for rape.), < reincarnate(환생시키다 v.return to life in a new body after dying, adj. n. reincarnation ; 윤회, 환생, 화신) carnivore ; 육식동물 (adj.carnivorous), herbivore ; 초식동물 (herbivorous), omnivore ; 잡식동물 (omnivorous), Rio Carnival(카너벌 사육제, 축제) cannibal(캐너벌, maneater), carnal(of the body or flesh, - appetite(desire), - abuse ; 소녀에 대한 강간), incarnate(adj.vt), incarnation(구체화, 화신 She's the very - of generosity.)> ravenous(very hungry, greedy, a - appetite, - hunger, - for power)

covet(cupido : desire, passion) = desire eagerly, long for, crave

* Cupid(Roman god of love)'s bow, covetous(eagerly desirous), cupidity(lust, greed<esp for money or property>, avarice, strong desire)

dowry(don, dot : give)

* dose, overdose, condone(forgive, pardon), donate(give, contribute)

financial(fin:end, boundary, limit) = monetary, pecuniary, fiscal # confer Latin roots fin

fleece = rob, cheat, swindle, rip off

hoard = accumulate, amass

lavish(lavare : wash) = profuse, very abundant - sparing

* lava(hot liquid material flowing from a volcano), lavatory(toilet, Water-Closet), lather(n.v), flush(adj.even, level, having plenty, - with money, n.rush of water, redness of your face caused by being hot, ill, or ashamed. v), royal flush(hand with the five highest cards of one suit), flood, launder(v.clean, wash), laundry, lotion(eye -), deluge(n.great flood, heavy rainfall.v), dilute(He diluted the paint with water.), latrine(a hole in the ground used as a toilet, esp in a military camp)

lucrative = profitable, moneymaking # confer lucrative

means(medius : middle) = wealth, property, resources

* medium(adj.a medium-sized apple, He's of - height. n.Sound travels through the - of air.), median(adj), medieval(of the Middle Ages<about AD 1100-1500), mediocre(second-rate, He reads a lot of - detective stories.), mediate(mediator), immediate(close, near, instant, direct), intermediate(adj.n)

opulence(ops:riches) = wealth, riches, affluence

* copious(plentiful, abundant, ample, - supply), cornucopia(abundant supply, <myth> horn of plenty)

sumptuous(sumptus :expense) = luxurious, costly, lavish

 

4. FEAR

 

apprehensive = afraid, anxious # confer apprehend

cower = shrink or crouch in fear, cringe, recoil, flinch, winch

craven = coward, dastard, chicken # confer craven

dastardly(dasast:to become exhausted) = cowardly & mean

* daze(v.stun, bewilder, unable to think or feel clearly.n), dullard(stupid, idiot), sluggard(lazy, slow-moving person, adj.sluggish = inactive, slow-moving), bastard(a child of unmarried parents. You bastard! How could you do this to me!)

intimidate(timid:fear) = frighten, cow, bully, daunt # confer timorous

timid = fearful, timorous, shy

trepidation = nervous agitation, fear, fright, trembling

* intrepid(fearless, bold, very brave)

 

5. COURAGE

 

audacious(audere:dare) = bold, insolent, impudent n.audacity

dauntless(domitare:rule, tame, subdue) = fearless, intrepid, valiant

exploit(plic:fold) = heroic act, daring deed, feat vt.

fortitude = bravery, pluck, backbone, valor

* fort, fortress(stronghold), forte(strong point. Singing is her forte. adv.<music>), effort(n. We made every - to help him.), comfort(vt.n. console, consolation), fortify

indomitable = unconquerable, invincible

* animal tamer, dominate(A great man can - others by force of character. The strong usually - the weak.)

plucky = courageous, brave, valiant, valorous

* pluck(pull the feathers off, pick<flowers, fruit>, pull<weeds>, snatch at), perk(I had a cup of coffee to - me up.), perky(cheerful & full of life)

rash = adj.overhasty, impetuous, foolhardy, reckless - deliberate

* dash(v.to move with sudden speed. He -ed across the road. She -ed the books to the ground. The accident -ed John's hopes of playing in the football team. n. I made a - for the door. vigorous action, energy), rush(v.to move or to do sth quickly. There's plenty of time, we needn't -. He was -ed to hospital. Perhaps if we all - him at once he'll drop his gun. You're too young to - into marriage. n. There will be a - for tickets.) gush(Oil -ed out of broken pipe. Blood -ed from his wound. n.a sudden flow of sth, a - of enthusiasm.)

 

6. CONCEALMENT

 

alias(alius:other) = assumed name, pen-name # confer alternative

clandestine(celare :hide) = concealed, secret, underhand

* clam(n.a kind of sellfish, vi.to become silent, esp because of fear or unwillingness to give information), cellar(basement), surreptitious(done or experienced secretly, a - kiss / love), recondite(profound)

enigma = riddle, mystery

* baffle (vt.puzzle, confuse someone greatly.a baffling question), perplex(puzzle, bewilder, make more complex or intricate)

latent(latere : lie hidden, lurk)=dormant, potential

lurk(be hidden, lie in ambush)

* murky(dark, gloomy n.murk : darkness, gloom), occult(hidden, secret, supernatural, magical), covert(adj.half-hidden, disguised, - political activities. n. area of thick undergrowth in which animals hide)

seclude = hide # confer exclusively

stealthy(adj.sly, cunning)

 

7. DISCLOSURE

 

apprise=inform, notify # confer apprehend

avowal(vow:call) = admission, confession, open acknowledgment, frank declaration

* avow(admit, declare openly, - a fault, He -ed himself a Christian.), advocate(vt.support, n), vow(n.solemn promise, vt), vote, vouch(I've read this report carefully & I can vouch its accuracy.), avouch(<liter;now rare> = assert, guarantee)

divulge(di:apart + vulgare:make public) = make public, disclose, reveal # confer divulge

elicit(lacere:entice, tempt) = bring out, evoke, extract

* delicious(a - cake, Doesn't it smell -! What a - joke!), delectable(delightful, pleasant), dilettante / dilitanti / (one who studies the arts but not seriously & not with real understanding), illicit(licit:permit. illegal), license(n.vt), licentious(immoral <esp in sexual matters>)

enlighten(en:make) =instruct, inform - confuse

* en : en(make) + large + ment enable, enact(make a law, perform on), encamp(settle in a camp, lodge in tents), encash, ennoble, enclose, enclosure, encircle(encompass), encounter, encourage(-discourage), encyclopedia, endear, endanger, enfold, enforce, enframe, engrave < cut or carve(lines, words, designs) (up)on a hard surface>, enthrone, entitle, enshrine, enjoy enjoyable(pleasant), enlighten, enlist(enter the armed forces), entrap(mousetrap), enroll(become a member of a society or institute), enrich, enslave, ensure, entrust, entry(coming or going in, entrance, right of entering)

 

# b, p, 앞 em embitter, embolden, embus, embattle(to draw up ready for battle), embossed paper, embody, empower

manifest(mani:hand + fest:strike) = vt.show clearly, display, evidence adj. plain, evident, obvious. n.list of a ship's cargo for the use of customs officials

* Communist Manifesto(1860), infest(be present in large numbers, The fields are -ed with snakes), manicure(pedicure), palpable(a - error, a - atmosphere of mistrust, What you say is palpably untrue.)

overt(aperire:open) = public, manifest - covert

* aperture(opening, gap, hole), April

 

8. AGREEMENT

 

accede(ad+cedere:go, yield)=agree, assent, consent, acquiesce # confer decease:death

 

accord(cordis:of the heart) = agreement, harmony -dissension, discord # confer accord

 

compact(pangere:fix, fasten) = n.accord, covenant, contract (adj.condensed, neatly fitted, taking up very little space. - disc)

* a peace pact, subcompact(mini car), impact(n.collision, strong impression or effect), impinge(collide, infringe, encroach, have an effect on someone or sth. The economic crisis is impinging on every aspect of our lives.)

compatible(pati : endure, suffer) - incompatible # confer impatient:restless

compromise(pro:forward + mise:send, n.v)

* emit (emission), missile(- base, guided -), MISSION(- school, missionary), transmissoin(the parts <clutch, gears, drive> of a vehicle that carry power from the engine to its wheels), admit, admission(- fee, - ticket), commit(to do sth wrong, bad or unlawful), commitee(a group of people chosen to do a particular job or for special duties), commission, permit, permission, submit, submission, intermit, intermission, omit(o:away), omission, dismiss, dismissal = dismission, premise(v.n. The law is based on the - that people are innocent until they are proved to be guilty. No smoking on the premises, please.), remit(send by post, forgive), remittance(an amount of money sent by post as payment for sth), promise

conform=comply n.conformity

* form(figure, shape), formation, formal(informal), formality, format, formular(form of words used regularly, list of instructions for making sth), formulate, formulation, nonconformist, dissident(adj.n), deform(a face -ed by disease), deformity(Lack of essential minerals can cause - in unborn child.), uniform(adj.n), inform(notify), information(ignorance), perform, performance, eform, reformative, reformation, reformer, ransform(change-conserve), ransformation

consistent = in accord, compatible # confer stamina

correspond re:back + spondere:pledge) = be in harmony, agree, match, fit

* despondency(loss of hope, melancholy, adj.despondent<Don't become -.), response(answer), respond, responsible, responsibility, spouse(husband or wife, fiance, fiancee), espouse(give one's support to, <old use> marry), sponsor(n.vt)

dovetail = fit together with, interlock with

reconcile = bring back to harmony # confer reconcile

relent(lentus : flexible, pliant, slow) = become less harsh, severe, or strict, soften in temper, yield

* relentless(cruel, harsh), lax(not strict or severe, negligent, inattentive, - discipline / behaviour), relax(- the muscles, Let's stop working & - for an hour.), slack(dull, inactive, loose, sluggish, - rope), slacken(The ship's speed -ed.), slacks, lenient(tolerant, mild, merciful, gentle, clement), lithe(bending easily, flexible)

 

9. DISAGREEMENT

 

altercation(alter:other) = noisy, angry dispute, quarrel, wrangle # confer alternative

 

antagonize(ant:against + agon:struggle) = make an enemy of # confer Greek roots ant

 

:against, opposite

* agony(great pain or suffering), agonize(Nina has been agonizing over whether to take the job abroad.), protagonist, antagonist

 

cleavage(crepare:creak, rattle) = split, division # confer craven

 

 

* cleft(crack or split <in the ground or in rock>, opening made by a cleavage), crevice(narrow crack or opening), crevasse, chasm(deep opening or crack in the ground, abyss(the - of despair), schism(the separation of a group into two parts as a result of disagreement), rift(split, crack, dissension), splinter(v.break into small pieces, n.a - of glass. a - group / party)

discord = disagreement, dissension, strife # confer cordiality.

discrepancy = difference, variation, inconsistency # confer craven

dissent(sentire :feel, think) = disagree, object # confer dissent

embroil(broilen:quarrel) = involve in conflict

* broil(v.cook, grill<G.B>, be very hot, n.quarrel, noisy argument), brawl(v.quarrel noisily, n.noisy quarrel or fight, often in a public place), imbroglio(complicated <esp political or dramatic> situation)

estrange = alienate, separate

friction(fricare:rub) = rubbing of two surfaces together, disagreement There's been political - between two contries. afflict(cause severe suffering or pain, -ed by terrible wounds, He was -ed with blindness.), inflict(force sth unwanted or unpleasant on someone, Don't - your own problems on me.), attrition( = detrition, wearing away by rubbing, war of attrition), detriment (n.causing damage to sth, adj.detrimental)

irreconcilable # confer reconcile

litigation(litigare:dispute) = lawsuit, act or process of carrying on a lawsuit,

* legal(my - adviser, the - system, illegal), legitimate(legal or correct, reasonable, n, regitimacy), legislation(the act of making laws, a body of laws), legislative(adj.a - assembly)

at variance = at odds, in disagreement,

* vary(to be, make, or become different, change, alter, The quality of her work never varies.)

wrangle = brawl, dispute angrily, bicker(quarrel about sth small or unimportant)

 

10. EATING

 

condiment(con:together + dere:put) =seasoning

devour(avere:desire) # confer avarice

 

(greed, lust, cupidity)

* nibble(v.take tiny bits, fish nibbling at the bait. n.I felt a - at the bait.), gobble(eat very quickly & noisily), gulp(swallow quickly or greedily, n.), swallow, slurp(drink noisily), sip(drink only a little at a time), munch, lick, suck, gurgle(n.bubbling sound as of water flowing from a narrow-necked bottle, v.The baby was gurgling happily.), guzzle(eat or drink greedily, He's been guzzling beer all evening.)

edible(edere:eat) = eatable, nonpoisonous, consumable, digestible-inedible

glutton = greedy eater

luscious = delicious, juicy & sweet

* relish(n.special flavour or attractive quality, Hunger in the best - for food. vt.enjoy, get pleasure out of. John won't relish having to wash all those dishes!)

palatable = agreeable to the taste, pleasing, savory - unpalatable

slake = satisfy, quench(put out, put an end to, cease)

* quell(put down, overcome, suppress, subdue<a rebellion, revels, opposition> The prime minister -ed disagreement among the ministers.), squelch

succulent = full of juice, juicy

voracious = gluttonous # confer avarice(lust, greed)

 

11. SIZE, QUANTITY

 

colossal(huge, enormous, gigantic, mammoth, vast)

commodious(roomy, ample)

* mode(a way of acting, behaving, speaking, writing, living, etc.), accomodate

gamut

infinite(endless, boundless, inexhaustible - finite)

infinitesimal(immeasurably small, very minute)

inflate(expand, puff up) - deflate

inordinate(excessive, immoderate)

* exorbitant(unreasonable, extraordinary)

iota(infinitesimal amount)

magnitude(greatness, largeness, importance)

* magnate, magnify(amplify, enlarge), magnanimous(generous), magna cum laude

picayune(petty, insignificant, slight, trivial)

pittance(small amount, meager wage or allowance)

* pity(compassion, sympathy), piety (deep respect for God & religion - impiety)

puny(worthless, feeble, picayune, petty)

superabundance(surplus, excess. # confer inundate)

 

12. WEAKNESS

 

debilitate(debilis:weak, not strong, = enfeeble, weaken, enervate, devitalize -invigorate)

 

 

* debility(weakness <of the body>), debris, bruise(n.v.injure, hurt), feeble

decadent (declining, corrupt, immoral, degenerate - flourishing)

* cadaver(corpse, a dead human body), decay(deteriorate), accident, coincidence

decrepit(worn out-sturdy)

dilapidated(falling to pieces, decayed)

* lapidate(to throw stones at), rickety(feeble, shaky), crumbled, shabby, seedy(full of seeds, worn out, shabby), collapse(n.v), elapse(<of time> to pass by)

enervate

flimsy(frail, unsubstantial, fragile)

frail -robust

incapacitate(to make <someone> unable to do sth)

infirmity(weakness, frailty)

 

13. STRENGTH

 

bulwark(v.n.rampart, defence, protection)

citadel(fortress, stronghold)

cogent(forcible, compelling, powerful, convincing)

* agenda, agent, agency(Central Intelligence Agency, Federal Bureau of Investigation), agile, agitate, agitator, agitation

dynamic(forceful, energetic, active)

* dynamite, dynamics(kinetics), dynast, dynasty

formidable(awesome, fearful, dreadful, menacing, terrific)

forte(fortis:strong, = strong point) # confer fortitude impregnable(im + prehendere:to hold, seize, take, = unconquerable, invincible, indomitable) # confer apprehend

* pregnant

invigorate(animate, strengthen - debilitate)

* vigor(strength, force, energy), vigorous(energetic, active, dynamic, vital, robust, lively, spirited, sturdy)

robust(robustus : strong)

* corroborate(confirm, strengthen)

tenacious(stubborn, strong) # confer content, retain

vehement(vehere:to carry, bring. = forceful, violent, furious)

* vehicle, behemoth(sth very big), vector, inveigh(v. n.invective)

vigor(strength, force, energy)

 

14. NEGLECT

 

default(n.neglect, negligence, v.fail to pay or appear when due)

* fault(v.n.flaw, defect, imperfection), fallible, infallible(sure, certain), fallacy, false(incorrect, mistaken), faucet(G.B-tap)

heedless(inattentive, careless, thoughtless, reckless, mindless - heedful)

ignore(in + gnarus : to know = disregard, overlook -heed)

* ignoble(mean, base), ignominious(dishonorable, n.ignominy), agnostic, diagnosis, prognosis(prediction, forecast), connoisseur

inadvertent(heedless, careless)

neglect(neg:not + legere : read, choose, gather v.disregard, n.disregard, negligence)

* negation, self-abnegation, renege (on), deny

remiss(mittere : to send = adj.negligent, careless, lax -scrupulous)

* remit, emit(give off), transmit, dismiss(send away), demise(de : down, away from, fully), premise

slovenly(slipshod, slopppy, untidy, careless - neat, tidy)

* clumsy, messy, unkempt, slob, slobber

 

15. CARE

 

discreet(wisely cautious - indiscreet)

* concern(cernere : to separate, sift, distinguish.n.v), excretion, discretion, discretionary power, discriminate(distinguish, differentiate, n.-ion), secret

heed(n.v)

meticulous(fussy - careless, sloppy, negligent)

scrupulous(conscientious, strict, precise - unscrupulous, remiss)

scrutinize(scrutari:to search into carefully=inspect)

* scrutable, inscrutable

solicitude(sollus : whole, all + ciere : to set in motion = concern, anxiety)

* solemn(serious, grave, impressive), excite, insouciant(indifferent, without concern or care)

vigilance(vigilare : to watch, wake = alertness, caution, watchfullness)

* vigor(energy), surveillance, reveille, wake

wary(waru : watchful, care = cautious, vigilant -foolhardy, reckless)

 

16. RESIDENCE

 

abroad(adv. study abroad, go abroad, broad-minded)

commute(mutare : to change)

* mutual(reciprocal, common), mutation, mutable(inconstant -immutable), permutation(a through change, transformation)

denizen(inhabitant, dweller, resident, occupant)

domicile(domus :home, house = house, home, dwelling, residence, abode)

* dome, domestic, domestics, - economy, domesticate

inmate

* bedmate, classmate, comate, palymate, roomate, running mate

migrate(migrare : to move from one place to another)

* emigrate, immigrate, transmigration

native(natus : born n.adj. -alien, foreign)

* nature, natal, neonatal, neonate, prenatal, postnatal, innate(inborn, inherent), renascent, Rena(i)ssance, naive(innocent), vernacular(n.adj)

nomad(nomas : roaming about for pasture = roamer, wanderer, drifter, floater, rover.adj.nomadic)

sojourn(temporary stay) # confer adjourn

* diurnal(nocturnal), diary(dairy), dismal(gloomy, miserable)

 

17. DISOBEDIENCE

 

defiance(v.defy)

* fidelity(faithfulness, loyalty, truthfulness, exactness, Hi-Fi)

* infidel(n) confide(trust), diffident(timid, shy), bona fide(sincere, genuine), perfidy(n.treachery, betrayal), fiance, fiancee, fealty

infraction(violation, breach)

* fraction, fragment, infringe(violate, breach, transgress, intrude)

insubordinate(disobedient, mutinous, rebellious - subordinate)

* ordinary(usual, regular, normal, common), inordinate(excessive)

insurgent(surgere : to rise =rebel)

insurrection(rebellion, revolt), resurrect(bring back to life, n.the Resurrection =Christ's rising from the grave)

malcontent(mal : bad, ill, evil = discontented person, rebel)

* maladroit(clumsy), malnutrition, malaise, malady(disease, sickness, illness), malignant, malevolent - benignant, benevolent, pregnant

perverse(obstinate)

* pervert(n.v), convert(n.v)

sedition

transgress(ire:to go = violate, break, overstep)

* transition, transient, coition(coitus), exit, circuit, concomitant(adj.n)

trespass(n.v)

* passport, passage, passenger, impasse, passer-by, past, pastime, bypass(n.v), surpass

 

18. OBEDIENCE

 

acquiesce(submit quietly, comply)

* quiescent(quiet, at rest, inactive), requiem, acquit (discharge, set free. n.acquittal), tranquil(calm, peaceful, quiet. n.tranquility.tranquilizer)

allegiance(ligare : to bind = loyalty, devotion, fidelity)

* obligation(duty, debt), ligature, liable, league, ally(n.v), alloy(n.v), rally(n.v)

defer(submit politely)

* defer(put off, postpone, delay), differ(disagree), prefer, suffer(endure, bear), infer, fertile, proffer(n.v), confer, indifferent

discipline(n.v)

docile(docere : to teach = obedient, tractable, submissive)

* doctor, doctrine, document, documentary(adj.n), heterodox(n.heterodoxy), orthodox(n.adj)

meek(mitis : mild, soft = submissive, acquiescent-arrogant)

* sleek, mitigate, melt, mild, mollify, smooth

pliable(plicare : to fold, bend = yielding, adaptable, tractable, flexible - obstinate)

* apply, application, imply, implication, plight, exploit(n.v)

submit(yield, surrender - resist, withstand)

* emit, transmit, dismiss(send away), remiss(negligent, careless), emissary(spy), demise, premise, surmise(n.v.)

 

tractable(tractare : to drag, draw = docile - intractable, unruly)

* contract(n.v), distract, extract, detract, retract, treaty, entreat(beseech, implore, beg), trace

 

19. TIME

 

chronic(confirmed, habitual)

* crony(chum), chronicle(annals), anachronism, synchronize

concurrent(simultaneous)

dawdle(waste time, loiter, idle)

imminent(near at hand)

* eminent(remarkable, noteworthy, outstanding), prominent(conspicuous, famous), promenade, menace

incipient(commencing, initial)

* recipient(n.adj), anticipate(forestall), participate, conceive, conception

intermittent(recurrent, periodic - incessant, continuous)

perennial(constant, perpetual, everlasting - annual)

* biennial, biannual, centennial, semiannua

procrastinate(cras : tomorrow) = put off, delay, postpone, defer, tarry, loiter

- expedite, hasten, speed up.

protract(prolong, continue, extend - curtail

sporadic(isolated, infrequent)

 

 

20. NECESSITY

 

compulsory(imperative, obligatory)

* a compulsive eater, repulsive

entail(impose, require)

* curtail(reduce, shorten), retail

essence(fundamental nature, core)

* present, absent, quintessence, entity

gratuitous(unwarrented)

* gratuity(tip), congratulate

imperative(urgent, necessary)

incumbent(cubare :to lie down = obligatory)

* incubate, incubator, concubine

indispensable(essential - dispensable)

necessitate(require, demand)

oblige(ligare :to bind = compel, force)

* allegiance(loyalty)

obviate(ob :before + via :way = (위험, 곤란 등을) 제거하다, (대책을 써서) 미연에 방지하다 make unnecessary, preclude)

* deviate,

trivial,

obvious(plain, evident),

devious(멀리돌아가는, 구불구불한, 정도를 벗어난, roundabout),

pervious(투과시키는, 통과시키는),

previous(earlier, preceeding)

prerequisite

pressing(urgent)

superfluous(surplus, excessive, unnecessary)

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