형용사(Adjective)
● 형용사 종류
1) 성상형용사: 사람이나 사물 등의 특성이나 모습, 상태 등을 나타내는 형용사
- 원래부터 형용사인 것: an old men, a beautiful flower
- 동사의 분사형에서 온 것: a lost dog, a sleeping giant
- 고유명사에서 온 것: a Chinese emperor, an Italian food
- 물질명사에서 온 것: a gold shoe, a silver spoon
2) 수량형용사: 수나 양을 나타내는 말이 명사를 수식하는 형용사
- 수를 나타내는 말: on rabbit, two eagles, third person
- 양을 나타내는 말: some milk, many students
3) 대명형용사: 원래는 대명사지만 명사 앞에서 명사를 수식하는 형용사의 역할을 담당하는 형용사
- 지시형용사: this school, that book
- 의문형용사: what book, which camera
- 소유형용사: my sister, your friend
대명형용사, 수량형용사 그리고 관사 등을 한정사(determiner)라고 부르기도 한다.
형용사는 위의 '성상형용사'만으로 제한하는 것이 일반적이다.
● 성상형용사 한정용법
성상형용사: 사람이나 사물 등의 특성이나 모습, 상태 등을 나타내는 형용사
1) 한정용법 : 형용사가 직접 명사 앞 또는 뒤에서 수식하는 용법.
I found an empty box.
a black cat,
something special
2) 한정용법에만 쓰이는 형용사
drunken, elder, former, latter, only, inner, outer, lone, mere, sheer, upper, utmost, utter, very, wooden, sole, this, that, etc.
an inner pocket : 안주머니.
the outer world : 외부세계.
the former case : 전자의 경우.
the upper lip : 윗입술.
a woolen goods : 모직물.
a wooden box : 나무상자.
a golden saying : 금언.
a lone traveller : 외로운 나그네.
the following chapter
a silken tie
total income
a mere child
an utter mistake
a joint party
He is a drunken man. (drunken은 한정용법에만 사용됨)
He is drunk. (drunk는 서술용법에만 사용됨)
● 성상형용사 서술용법
1) 서술용법 : 형용사가 주격보어나 목적격보어로 쓰이는 경우.
He was awake all the night. (2형식)
I found the cage empty. (서술용법 : 5형식)
I found the empty cage. (한정용법)
2) 서술용법에만 쓰이는 형용사.
a-로 시작되는 형용사(afraid, alike, alive, awake, alone, asleep, ashamed, aware 등) 과 fond, content, fain, ignorant, proud, well, wont(익숙한), aghast(깜짝 놀라서), unable, worth 등
I am afraid of death.
He stood aghast at the sight.
be fond of～ : ～을 좋아하다.
be ashamed of～ : ～을 부끄러워하다.
be aware of～ : ～을 알다.
be afraid of～ : ～을 두려워하다.
The bird is still alive.
live는 동사 [liv]로서 “살다”이나, 형용사로 쓰이면 [laiv]로 발음하며, 살아있는, 활기 있는 뜻으로 한정용법에 쓰임.
living 역시 살아있는 의 뜻으로 한정용법에 쓰임.
● 한정용법과 서술용법의 차이 의미 변화
a certain lady (어떤),
It is quite certain. (확실한)
Brown is late. (늦다),
the late Brown (故 Brown)
He is the present king. (현재의 왕)
The king was present. (참석하다)
her late husband : 故人이 된 남편.
the late king : 先王 (前 임금)
right : 한정용법으로 쓰이면 오른쪽의, 서술용법으로 쓰이면 올바른
my right arm It is right.
ill news (=bad) He is ill. (=sick)
● 형용사의 어순
1) 형용사의 어순
보통 관사 + 부사 + 형용사 + 명사 어순이다.
This is a very good pencil.
2) 형용사가 여러 개 겹칠 경우의 어순 : 지수대성신재
지시+수량+대소(大小)+성상(性狀)+신구(新舊)+재료 를 나타내는 형용사의 순으로 쓴다.
| 1 지시사 |
2 서수 |
3 기수 |
4 대소 |
5 성상,색 |
6 신구 |
7 재료 |
8 소속 |
| a, an | first | one | large | white | new | wooden | American |
| the | second | two | small | yellow | old | silken | Swiss |
| these | last | several | big | heavy |
My first new salary is spent.
Look at those two large old stone buildings.
3) 형용사의 후위 수식
형용사가 명사 뒤에서 그 명사를 수식하는 경우
① 두 개 이상의 형용사가 겹쳐서 명사를 수식할 때.
She is a lady beautiful kind and rich.
② 형용사가 다른 요소와 결합되어 길어질 때.
This is a useful dictionary.
I have a dictionary useful for children. (형용사구)
③ -thing, -body를 수식하는 형용사는 후위 수식.
Please give me something hot.
There is nothing new under the sun.
④ -able, -ible로 끝나는 형용사가 최상급, all, every 다음에 오는 명사를 수식할 때.
I have tried every means possible.
This is the best method conceivable.
⑤ 서술용법의 형용사가 명사 수식.
He is the greatest poet alive.
⑥ 형용사절의 who is, which가 생략된 형식.
a boy (who is) ten years old
the letter (which is) written in English
⑦ 고유명사에 형용사를 붙여 구별할 때는 명사 뒤에 놓는다.
George the fifth, Alexander the Great, China proper (중국 본토)
⑧ 관용어구.
from time immemorial : 옛날부터
Asia Minor : 소아시아
God almighty : 전능의 신
the sum total : 합계, 총계
the authorities concerned : 관계당국
a poet laureate : 계관시인
the sum total : 총계
a consul general : 총영사
things American : 미국의 풍물
on Monday last = last Monday
● the + 형용사 (또는 p.p.)의 용법
1) 복수 보통명사
The rich have troubles as well as the poor.
The battlefield was covered with the dead, the dying, and the wounded.
the rich = rich people the poor = poor people
the young = young people the old = old people
the sick = sick people = patients the blind = blind people
the good = good people the English = English people
2) 단수 보통명사
The deceased was a very up right statesman.
the deceased( 故人), the accused(피고인), the dead(죽은 자)
등은 단수 보통명사로 단수 취급한다.
3) 추상명사로 쓰일 때.
The good and the beautiful do not always go together.
(선과 미가 항상 병행하는 것은 아니다.)
The true, the good, and the beautiful were the ideals of the Greeks.
(the true = truth, the good = goodness, the beautiful = beauty)
● 목적어를 취하는 형용사
This book is worth reading. = It is worth while to read this book.
My house is near the lake.
They are opposite each other.
They are very like each other.
이들을 전치사로 볼 수도 있다.
● 수량형용사
| 수 ( + 복수명사) | 양 ( + 셀 수 없는 명사) | |
| 거의 없는 | few | little |
| 약간의 | a few | a little |
| 많은 | many a good many a great many a great number of a large number of a multitude of |
much a good deal of a great deal of |
| a lot of lots of (a) plenty of |
||
● 수량형용사 Many, Much
1) many + 복수명사, many a + 단수명사
many a + 단수명사는 복수의 의미지만 반드시 단수동사를 사용한다.
many + 복수명사는 복수동사를 사용한다.
Many a student has repeated the same mistake.
= Many students have repeated the same mistake.
Many a time did I warn him, but to no purpose.
many a time은 many a times와 같은 의미이며, 부사구인 many a time이 문두로 도치되었으므로
조동사 + 주어 + 본동사 형태로 사용.
I have a good many things to do today.
A large number of people visit the historic site.
He has had to spend a good deal of money on medicines.
She spend a lot of money on clothes.
2) as many : 같은 정도의 수. 동수의.
as much : 같은 정도의 양, 동량의.
like so many: 같은 수의 ～처럼.
like so much: 같은 양의 ～처럼.
He made ten mistakes in as many lines. (as many = ten)
(그는 열 줄에서 열 개의 잘못을 저질렀다.)
There were five accidents in as many days. (as many = five)
(5일 동안에 5건의 사고가 발생했다.)
She was respected, and her husband as much despised.
(그녀는 존경을 받았는데, 남편은 그만큼 멸시를 받았다.)
He drank two bottles of beer and as much wine.
(그는 맥주 투병과 포도주 투병을 마셨다.)
They worked like so many ants.
(그들은 개미 떼처럼 일했다.)
The wooden houses flamed up like so many match-boxes.
(목조 건물들은 마치 성냥갑처럼 불길이 타올랐다.)
3) not so much A as B
= not A so much as B
= less A than B
= B rather than A (A라기보다는 오히려 B이다.)
He is not so much a scholar as a statesman.
= He is not a scholar so much as a statesman.
= He is a statesman rather than a scholar.
4) not so much as = not even = ～조차도 못한다.
She can not so much as write her own name.
= She can not even write her own name.
5) not much = 너무 ～은 아니다.
He is not much of a scholar.(그는 대단한 학자는 아니다.)
I do not see much of him. (나는 그를 자주 만나지는 않는다.)
6) without so much as = without even = ～조차도 없이.
He left without so much as saying goodbye to me.
● 수량형용사 Few, Little
1) few, a few : 수 표시에 사용.
few : 거의 없는, 별로 없는(부정을 나타냄)
a few : 조금 있는(긍정의 기분을 나타냄)
He has few friends. (거의 없다.)
He has a few fiends. (약간 있다.)
2) little, a little : 양 표시에 사용.
little : 별로 없는(부정의 기분)
a little : 약간 있는(긍정의 기분)
I have a little money with me. (약간 있다.)
I have little money with me. (거의 없다.)
3) not a few (상당히 많은. 수에 사용)
= quite a few
= no few
= many
There are not a few such men.
4) only a few = but few = 약간.
He has only a few friends.
5) the little
I did the little(what little) I could. (나는 미력이나마 전력을 다했다.)
the little은 뒤에 수식하는 말이 오므로 the가 붙는다.
6) not a little (꽤 많은. 양에 사용)
= quite a little
= no little
= much
It has caused me not a little anxiety. (not a little = considerable)
7) little이 문두로 도치되면 little + 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사 의 형태.
I little dreamed that I should never see him again.
= Little did I dream that I should never see him again.
(내가 그를 다시는 보지 못하리라는 것은 꿈에도 생각하지 못했다.)
8) little이 know, think, imagine, guess suspect, realize 등의 동사 앞에 쓰여서 전혀 ～하지 않은(not at all)의 뜻으로 쓰인다.
He little knows that the police are about to arrest him.
= Little does he know that the police are about to arrest him.
(경찰이 체포하려 하고 있다는 것을 그는 전혀 모르고 있다.)
9) little better than = as good as = ～과 거의 같은.
He is little better than beggar.
10) little short of = almost
It is little short of a miracle. (그것은 기적이나 다름없다.)
● 수사 (Numeral)
수사에는 다음의 세 가지가 있다.
① 기수사(Cardinal) : one, two, three, four, five......
② 서수사(Ordinal) : the first, the second, the third.....
③ 배수사(Multiplicative) : half, double, thrice.....
1) 기수 읽기
① 21∼99까지는 hyphen(-)을 붙인다.
21 : twenty-one 68 : sixty-eight
② 100 이상의 수에는 hundred다음에 and를 넣고 읽는다.
135 : one hundred and thirty-five
567 : five hundred and sixty-seven
③ 1000 이상의 수는 세 계단마다 comma를 두고 읽는다.
3,021 : three thousand and twenty-one
5,397 : five thousand three hundred and ninety-seven
100,000 : one hundred thousand
1,000,000 : one million
10,000,000 : ten million
1,234,567 : one million, two hundred and thirty-four thousand, five hundred and sixty-seven.
④ 소수점 읽기
2.5 : two point (or decimal) five
34.805 : thirty-five point eight nought five
0.3417 : nought point three four one seven
⑤ 연대 읽기 : 보통은 두 자리씩 끊어서 읽는다.
1994 : nineteen ninety-four, nineteen hundred and ninety-four, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four
1800 : eighteen hundred
1801 : eighteen hundred and one, eighteen one
⑥ 전화번호 읽기 :
(0431) 123-4560 : o [ou] four three one / one two three four five six o.
⑦ 시간 읽기
9:30 a.m. = nine thirty [ei:em] (a.m. =ante meridiem)
3:25 p.m. = three twenty five [pi:em] (p.m. = post meridiem)
10:55 = ten fifty-five, five to eleven
10:05 = ten five, five past ten
10:15 = ten fifteen, a quarter past ten
10:30 = ten thirty, a half past ten
⑧ 금액 읽기
$2.50 : two dollars (and) fifty (cents), two dollars and a half
⑨ 페이지, 행 읽기
page 7 : page seven, the seventh page
p. 3. l. 22 = page three, line twenty-two
Lesson Ⅳ : lesson four, the fourth lesson
Book Ⅱ : Book two, the second book
⑩ 가감승제
2+3=5 : Two and three are(is, make, makes) five.
Two plus three equals (equal) five.
8-1=7 : One from eight leaves (is) seven.
Eight minus one is (equals) seven.
6 ×4=24 : Six multiplied by four is twenty-four.
Six times four is twenty-four.
25÷5=5 : Twenty-five divided by five is five.
Five into twenty-five goes five times.
12:3=4:1 : Twelve is to three as (what) four is to one.
22 = 4 : Two squared is four 23 = 8 : Two tripled is eight.
95℉ = ninety-five degrees Fahrenheit [færǝnhait]
2.3℃ = two point three degrees Celsius [selsiǝs] (=Centigrade [sentigreid])
2) hundred, thousand는 복수가 없으나 million은 복수가 있다. (美語엔 없다)
hundreds (thousands) of = 수많은
million을 형용사로 쓸 때는 단수로 쓴다.
five hundred / five thousand / five millions
hundreds of people / five million inhabitants.
3) 서수사
① first, second, third 이외에는 기수에 -th를 붙여서 서수를 만들며, 원칙적으로 the를 붙여서 읽는다.
the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the last, etc.
He was the first president of the university.
Do it a second time. (a second time = again)
철자에 주의 : fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, fourteenth, fortieth
② 1월 15일 : Jan. 15 <January (the) fifteen(th)>
③ World War Ⅱ : World War two (the Second World War)
a third world war (세계 3차 대전)
④ Napoleon Ⅲ : Napoleon the Third
⑤ 분수 읽기 (분자는 기수, 분모는 서수로 쓴다.)
= a half, one half, a second, one second
= two thirds,
= one third.
= a(one) fourth, a(one) quarter
= four and two sevenths.
= two yards and a half
= thirty-eight over fifty-seven (숫자가 두 단위 이상이면 over를 사용)
분수의 수는 그 뒤의 말에 따라 결정된다.
Two-thirds of the apples were bad.
Two-thirds of the land was uncultivated.
one and a half는 단수로 받는다.
4) 배수사
① half, double, treble(세배의), twofold(이중의), threefold, three times, four times
② 배수사는 관사 앞에 온다.
I had to pay double the usual price.
I walked for about half an hour last Sunday.
주의 : He returned home after two months and a half.
③ 배수사 : twice (∼times) as ∼ as
China is about twenty times as large as Korea.
= China is about twenty times the area of Korea.
This is half as large as that.
= This is half the size of that.
He has twice as much money as I have.
This is three times as large as that.
= This is three times the size of that.
● 고유형용사
| 국명 <고유명사> |
국어 <고유 형용사> |
국민 전체 |
국민 개인 <단수> |
국민 개인 <복수> |
| Korea America Egypt Germany Italy Russia Mexico Persia England Ireland France Holland Japan China Portugal Greece Turkey Spain |
Korean American Egyptian German Italian Russian Mexican Persian English Irish French Dutch Japanese Chinese Portuguese Greek Turkish Spanish |
the Koreans the Americans the Egyptians the Germans the Italians the Russians the Mexicans the Persians the English the Irish the French the Dutch the Japanese the Chinese the Portuguese the Greeks the Turks The Spaniards |
a Korean an American an Egyptian a German an Italian a Russian a Mexican a Persian an Englishman an Irishman a Frenchman a Dutchman a Japanese a Chinese a Portuguese a Greek a Turk a Spaniard |
Koreans Americans Egyptians Germans Italians Russians Mexicans Persians Englishmen Irishmen Frenchmen Dutchmen Japanese Chinese Portuguese Greeks Turks Spaniards |
◇국민 한 사람: a, an. 국민 전체: the.
● 혼동 쉬운 형용사
| comparative : 비교의, 비교상의. comparable : ～에 필적하는, ～과 비교할 수 있는. continual : 계속적인, 번번이 일어나는. continuous : 연속적인. considerable: 많은, 상당한. considerate : 동정심 많은, 사려 깊은. considering : ～을 고려하면, ～에 비해. credible [kredəbl] : 신용할 수 있는, 믿을 수 있는. credulous [kredjuləs] : 잘 속는, 잘 믿는. desirable [dizaiərəbl]: 바람직한, 호감이 가는. desirous [dizaiərəs] : 원하는. economic : 경제학의, 경제적인, 경제의. economical : 절약하는, 낭비하지 않는. healthy : 건강한, 건장한. healthful : 건강에 좋은. historic : 역사적으로 유명한, 역사적인. historical : 역사에 관한. industrious : 근면한. industrial : 산업의, 공업의. |
imaginative : 상상력이 풍부한. imaginary : 가상적인, 비현실적인. imaginable : 상상할 수 있는. momentous : 중대한. momentary : 순간적인. literal : 문자의, 글자의, 원문에 충실한. literary : 문학의, 작가의. literate : 학식이 있는. (≠ illiterate; 문맹의) luxurious [lʌgʒuəriəs] : 사치스러운, 호화스러운. luxuriant [lʌgʒuəriənt]: 번성한, 풍부한, 무성한. memorable : 기억할만한. memorial : 기념의, 기념이 되는. practical : 실제적인, 실천적인, 실용적인. practicable : 사용할 수 있는, 실천할 수 있는. sensible : 분별 있는, 현명한, 깨닫고 있는. sensitive : 민감한, 섬세한, 상하기 쉬운. respectable : 존경할만한, 훌륭한. respectful : 경의를 표하는, 공손한. |
● 특수한 형용사
| ① father fatherly : 아버지의, 아버지 같은. paternal [pətə:nəl] : 아버지의, 부계의. paternal care : 아버지의 보살핌. fatherly love : 부성애. ② mother motherly: 어머니다운. maternal [mədə:nəl]: 어머니의. maternal instincts: 모성본능. ③ sun solar: 태양의. sunny: 햇볕이 잘 드는, 양지바른. ④ moon lunar [lu:nə]: 달의. ⑤ sea marine [məri:n]: 바다의, 선박의, 해군의. |
⑥ see visible: 보이는, 볼 수 있는. ≠ invisible: 보이지 않는. ⑦ hear audible: 들리는, 청취할 수 있는. ≠ inaudible: 들리지 않는. ⑧ eat eatable [i:təbl]: 먹을 수 있는. edible [edibl]: 먹기에 좋은, 독성이 없는. ⑨ carry portable: 휴대할 수 있는, 이동 가능한. ⑩ town urban [ə:ɻbən]: 도시의. 도시에 있는. ≠ country → rural [ruərəl]: 시골의. ⑩ read readable: 읽기 쉬운. 읽을 수 있는. legible : 읽기 쉬운. |
● ‘명사 + ly’가 부사 아닌 형용사형
| likely : 그럴듯한, 있음 직한, ～할 것 같은. timely : 때에 알맞은. orderly : 정돈된, 규칙적인, 규율 있는. lovely : 사랑스러운, 아름다운. cowardly : 겁 많은, 비겁한. bodily : 몸의, 신체의. |
friendly : 친구다운, 우호적인, 친절한. daily : 매일의, 나날의, (부) 매일, 날마다. monthly : 매달의, 월 1회의 (부) 매달, 달마다. motherly : 어머니의, 모친의. fatherly : 아버지의. |
● 직유 ‘as ～ as’ 형태
| as white as snow : 눈처럼 하얀. as blind as bat : 박쥐처럼 눈이 먼. as poor as a church mouse: 교회 생앙쥐처럼 가난한. as brave as a lion as hungry as a hawk as dumb as a fish as sly(cunning) as a fox |
as happy as a king as cheerful as a lark as busy as a bee as miserable as a fish out of water as cool as a cucumber as proud as a peacock as quiet as a mouse |
● 형용사 격변화 (원급 - 비교급 - 최상급) - 규칙 변화
1) 1음절어, 흔히 쓰이는 2음절어 중 -er, -ow, -le, -y, -ly, -some 등으로 끝나는 것은 원급에 -er, -est를 붙여서 비교급과 최상급을 만든다.
tall - taller - tallest
long - longer - longest
small - smaller - smallest
2) 어미가 -e로 끝나는 것은 -r, -st를 붙인다.
brave - braver - bravest
wise - wiser - wisest
fine - finer - finest
3) -단모음+단자음의 경우는 마지막 자음을 하나 더 쓰고 -er, -est를 붙인다.
big - bigger - biggest.
hot - hotter - hottest
thin - thinner - thinnest
4) -y로 끝나는 단어는 y를 i로 고치고, -er, -est를 붙인다.(단, 모음+y로 끝나는 것은 그냥 -er, -est를 붙인다.)
happy - happier - happiest
dry - drier - driest
easy - easier - easiest
early - earlier - earliest
gay - gayer - gayest
grey - greyer - greyest
5) more, most를 붙이는 경우
3음절 이상의 형용사(beautiful, diligent, interesting 등)
2음절어로서 어미가 -ful, -able, -less, -ous, -ive, -ing 등으로 끝나는 단어
① 2음절어
useful - more useful - most useful
careless, famous, loving, active, etc.
② 3음절어 이상
beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful
difficult, diligent, interesting, etc.
6) 복합형 용사 well-known, fine-looking 등은 3음절 이상일지라도 more, most를 사용하지 않으며, 서술 용법에만 쓰이는 형용사인 afraid, fond, alive, alone, aware 등은 음절에 관계없이 more, most를 사용한다.
well-known - better-known - best-known
fine-looking - finer-looking - finest-looking : 잘생긴
● 형용사 격변화 - 불규칙 변화
1) good (well) - better - best
2) bad (ill) - worse - worst
3) many (much) - more - most
4) little - less - least
5) old - older - oldest : 나이 먹은, 늙은, ∼살의 → 노소, 신구를 말할 때
elder - eldest : 연상의, 나이가 위인 →형제(혈연) 관계를 말할 때
He is three years older than I.
He is my elder brother.
My elder brother is three years older than I.
His eldest son is the oldest student in our school. (eldest son : 장남)
6) late - later - latest : 늦은, 나중의 (시간적 개념)
- latter - last : 마지막의 (순서적 개념)
The mail is later today.
Have you read the latter part of this book?
the latest news : 최근의 소식
the last news : 마지막 소식
어제저녁 : last evening, 어제 아침(오후) : yesterday morning(afternoon)
그저께 저녁 : the evening before last, 전 전주 : the week before last
7) far - farther - farthest : 먼 (거리)
- further - furthest : 먼, 심한 (정도)
As I was very tired, I could not walk any farther.
(내가 매우 피곤했으므로, 나는 더 이상 걸을 수가 없었다.)
We must get further information.
(우리는 더 많은 정보를 입수해야 한다.)
● 라틴어 비교급
어미가 -or인 형용사의 비교급은 than 대신에 to를 사용하며, 이때 to는 전치사이므로 to + 목적격으로 사용한다.
superior, inferior, senior, junior, exterior, interior, anterior, posterior, major, minor 등.
He is three years senior to me.
He is my senior by three years.
In point of learning he is superior to me, but in experience he is inferior to me.
Death is preferable to dishonor.
I prefer apples to pears. = I like apples better than pears.
● 비교법 - 원급에 의한 비교
1) as + 원급 + as : 동등비교
not so(as) + 원급 + as : 열등비교
She is as tall as Tom (is).
I have as many books as you (have).
She is not so(as) tall as Tom. = Tom is taller than she (is).
She is as kind as Tom.
She is as kind as beautiful.
(동일인의 두 가지 측면을 말할 땐 as A as B : A 하려니와 B 하다
You are twice as old as he (is).
2) as A as (A) can be = as A as anything : 더할 나위 없이, 극도로 A 하는.
He is as poor as (poor) can be. = He is as poor as anything.
3) as + 원급 + as possible = as + 원급 + as one can : 될 수 있는 한 ∼하게
He walked as fast as possible. = He walked as fast as he could.
as soon as possible = a.s.a.p (A.S.A.P)
4) as ～ as any + 명사 : 어느 누구에게도 못지않게 ～한
as ～ as ever + 과거동사 : 지금까지 ～한 (최상급의 뜻), 누구 못지않게 ～한
He was as brave as any man in the world.
He is as great a statesman as ever lived.
● 비교법 - 비교급에 의한 비교
1) 우등 비교
He is five inches taller than Mary.
This is much bigger than that.
much, still, even, (by) far, a lot 등이 비교급과 함께 쓰여서 비교급을 강조하며 훨씬, 한층 의 뜻으로 쓰인다.
2) 절대 비교: 비교의 상대 없이 비교급을 쓰는 경우.
the younger generation (젊은 세대)
the higher classes (상류계급)
higher education (고등교육)
The greater part of the students are teen-agers. (학생들의 대부분은 10대들이다.)
Her upper teeth have to be pulled. (그녀는 윗니를 빼야 한다.)
3) 열등 비교.
Mary is less tall than Tom. = Mary is not so tall as Tom.
4) 동일인의 성질 비교
같은 사람(동일인) 또는 같은 물건의 서로 다른 성질을 비교할 때는 음절에 관계없이 -er를 쓰지 않고, more + 원급 + than의 형태를 쓴다.
He is cleverer than his brother.
He is more clever than wise. (more = rather)
5) the + 비교급
비교급 앞에는 원칙적으로 the를 사용하지 않지만, 다음의 경우엔 the를 사용한다.
① of A and B 또는 of the two 등의 구가 있을 때.
Tom is the taller of the two.
② 원인이나 이유를 표시하는 부사구 또는 부사절이 있을 경우. (for, because...)
He worked the harder, because his master praised him.
I like him all the better for his faults.
③ the + 비교급..... the + 비교급......
The more one has, the more he wants.
● 비교법 - 최상급에 의한 비교
1) 형용사의 최상급 앞에는 원칙적으로 the를 쓰나, 부사의 최상급에는 the를 쓰지 않는다.
of 다음에는 복수 보통명사를, in 다음에는 단수명사를 쓴다.
She is the most diligent (girl) of our classmates. (= in our class)
He is the tallest of all his classmates.
The boy studies hardest of them all.
He runs fastest of all.
She is by far the tallest player in the team. (최상급을 강조할 땐 by far를 사용)
2) 최상급을 강조하기 위해서 that (has) ever lived를 붙이는 경우도 있다.
She is the greatest poet that has ever lived.
3) even의 뜻을 가지는 최상급 (양보의 의미)
The wisest man does not know everything.
The poorest can afford to buy an apple in autumn.
By the law of nature the stream will run down, and the strongest man cannot stop it.
4) 절대 최상급
This is a most interesting book to me. (a most = a very)
most people : 대부분의 사람들
the most : 가장 ～한.
at best : 기껏해야
at most : 많아야.
5) last는 부정으로 번역될 때가 있다.
He is the last man to tell a lie. = He is the most unlikely man to tell a lie.
I should be the last to do it. (나는 결코 그런 일은 안 한다.)
She was the last woman I wanted to see.
The very last thing of which man can make his boast is his knowledge.
6) 최상급을 포함하는 관용구
He is the tallest boy but one in our class. (둘째로 키가 크다.)
She is a secondary cinema actress at best. (기껏해야)
I shall be back by five at (the) latest. (아무리 늦어도)
At (the) worst you will get 100 dollars. (최악의 경우라도)
These animals are for the most part found in desert. (대부분)
Try to make the best [=most] of your time. (가장 잘 이용하다.)
He did his best to solve the problem. (최선을 다하다)
I could not imagine in the least what to do. (∼조차 할 수가 없었다.)
This is by far the best. (월등하게 우수하다.)
He was among the best statesmen of England. (굴지의 유능한)
7) 최상급에 the를 붙이지 않는 경우
① the가 소유격으로 대체되는 경우나 호격이 올 때.
It is his greatest pleasure to read novels.
He is my best friend.
Never mind, dearest one!
② 동일인, 동일물의 성질을 비교할 때.
This river is deepest at this point.
③ 부사의 최상급.
He always works hardest in the office.
④ 최상급의 형용사가 뒤에 명사를 동반하지 않고 단독으로 보어로 쓰일 때
Summer is hottest. (cf. Summer is the hottest season in the year.)
This method is simplest and easiest.
⑤ most의 용법
Most people think so. (대부분, 대다수 뜻)
He is a most proud man. (a most = a very : 의미를 강하게 하기 위함)
It is most kind of you to say so. (most kind가 kindest 보다 의미상 강조가 됨)
8) 비교 문장 전환 (최상급의 표현 방식)
Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 의 내용을 다음과 같이 표현 가능.
① 부정 주어 + so + 원급 + as ～
No (other) mountain in the world is so high as Mt. Everest.
② 부정 주어 + 비교급 + than ～
No (other) mountain in the world is higher than Mt. Everest.
③ 주어 + 비교급 + than any other + 단수명사
Mt. Everest is higher than any other mountain in the world.
④ 주어 + 최상급 + of all (the) + 복수명사
Mt. Everest is the highest of all the mountain in the world.
● 비교법 - 관용적 표현
1) A is no more B than C is D
= A is not B any more than C is D
= A is not B just as C is not D
= A가 B가 아닌 것은 C가 D가 아닌 것과 같다. (양자 부정)
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.
= A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is (a fish).
2) A is no less B than C is D : C가 D인 것과 마찬가지로 A가 B이다. (양자 긍정)
He is no less guilty as you are.
= He is as much guilty as you are.
(네가 죄가 있는 것과 마찬가지로, 그도 죄가 있다.)
3) no less a person than ～ : 다름 아닌 바로 ～인.
He was no less a person than the president.
(그는 다른 사람이 아닌 바로 대통령 자신이었다.)
4) not ～ more than … : 이상은 ～이 아니다.
not ～ less than … : ～보다 덜 ～하지 않다, ～에 못지않게 ～하다.
He is not more diligent than you are.
Light is not less necessary than fresh air to health.
(빛은 신선한 공기 못지않게 건강에 필요하다.)
5) no more than = only : 겨우, 단지.
no less than = as many as = as much as : ～만큼이나.
not more than = at most : 기껏해야.
not less than = at least : 적어도.
He has no more than 10,000 won. (그는 겨우 만원밖에 없다.)
He has no less than 10,000 won. (그는 만원이나 갖고 있다.)
I have not more than three hundred books.
I have not less than three hundred books.
기출 문제(형용사, 부사)
(1) Richard Wagner had the emotional stability of a ten-years-old child.
(2) The sword that has been tempered by the master may be as hard as ordinary swords five times.
(3) Business has never been as better as it is now.
(4) We were enough fortunate to visit the Grand Canyon, that has much beautiful landscape.
(5) The premature aged wife was coming to be the exception rather than the rule.
(6) Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
(7) Although Linda tried hard in the exam, she did much worse than her brother.
(8) Of the two shirts, I‟d like to choose the less expensive one.
(9) There are usually more men in your life whom you would like to get rid of as those whom you are dying to meet.
(10) The Vietnamese Communist regime, long weakened by regionalism and corruption, can barely control the relentless destruction of the country‟s forests, which are home to some of the most spectacular wild species in Asia, including the java rhinoceros, dagger-horned goats, as well as new discovered animals previously unknown to Western science.
(11) As artists, what drives us is the desire to make our lives to run more smoothly, with less angst, fewer voids and a minimum of bother.
(12) Any manager of a group that wants to achieve a meaningful level of acceptance and commitment to a planned change must present the rationale for the contemplated change as clear as possible.
(13) Having just learned to drive and hard ever having the opportunity to use car, I readily accepted.
(14) Bats are surprising long-lived creatures, some having a life expectancy of around twenty years.
(15) Younger students who participated in the survey sponsored by a weekly magazine turned out to be less concerned about the serious problems of homeless people as the older students were.
(16) Admiring critics speak of him sometimes as “manly” or courageously.”
(17) They show that he learned a few Latin and that he acquired some of the basic elements of good conduct. (18) John took carefully notes of all the presentations throughout the conference.
(19) More recently examples are the impact of Darwinian biology and Freudian psychology.
(20) Mary is no more experienced in marketing than John. (John처럼 Mary도 마케팅에 경험이 없다.)
(21) He cannot so much as write his own name. (그는 자기 이름조차 쓰지 못한다.)
(22) He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. (그는 머리가 둔하다기보다는 교육을 받지 못했다.)
(23) She felt that she was good swimmer as he was, if not better.
(24) No other man is faster than Bolt in the whole world.
(25) Thomas Edison believed, "There is no failure until you fail to keep trying," and he experienced hundred failed experiments for each success.
(26) I felt such nervous that I couldn‟t concentrate on my work.
(27) Advertising shapes our perception of the world as surely as architecture shapes our impression of a city.
(28) This 200-feet-high bell tower is an architectural landmark of San Diego.
(29) She is more beautiful than any other girl in the class.
(30) She would be the last person to go along with the plan. (그녀는 그 계획을 계속 따라갈 사람이 결코 아닐 것이다.)
(31) Tom made so firm a decision that it was no good trying to persuade him.
(32) It is the duty of all public servants to ensure that the public’s money is spent as efficient as possible and that programs are provided effectively.
(33) You have more money than I.
(34) Your son’s hair is the same color as you.
(35) The predictable patterns allow beginning second language readers to become involved immediate in a literacy event in their second language.
(36) However, a person from another culture might read the letters different, not unconsciously supplying the letter R and, hence, arriving at an entirely different interpretation of the letters.
(37) The lack of oxygen in the air would make them dizzy, and, perhaps, unconsciously.
정답
(1) Richard Wagner had the emotional stability of a ten-years-old child. (X)
→ ten-year-old
(2) The sword that has been tempered by the master may be as hard as ordinary swords five times.(X)
→ five times as hard as ordinary swords
(3) Business has never been as better as it is now. (X)
→ good
(4) The older you become, the more it is difficult to learn foreign language. (X)
→ the more difficult it is
(5) The premature aged wife was coming to be the exception rather than the rule. (X)
→ prematurely
(6) Students brave enough to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (O)
(7) Although Linda tried hard in the exam, she did much worse than her brother. (O)
(8) Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose the less expensive one. (O)
(9) There are usually more men in your life whom you would like to get rid of as those whom you are dying to meet. (X)
→ than
(10) ~ as well as new discovered animals previously unknown to Western science. (X)
→ newly
(11) As artists, what drives us is the desire to make our lives to run more smoothly, with less angst, fewer voids and a minimum of bother. (X)
→ run
(12) Any manager of a group that wants to achieve a meaningful level of acceptance and commitment to a planned change //must present the rationale for(전명구) the contemplated change as clear as possible. (X) (as as 떼고 해석해보고 부사인지 형용사인지 판단한다)
→ clearly
(13) Having just learned to drive and hard ever having the opportunity to use car, I readily accepted. (X)
→ hardly
(14) Bats are surprising long-lived creatures, some having a life expectancy of around twenty years. (X)
→ surprisingly
(15) Younger students who participated in the survey sponsored by a weekly magazine turned out to be less concerned about the serious problems of homeless people as the older students were. (X)
→ than
(16) Admiring critics speak of him sometimes as “manly” or courageously.” (X) (as다음이 형용사 5 형식 목적격 보어 자리)
→ courageous
(17) They show that he learned a few Latin and that he acquired some of the basic elements of good conduct.(X)
→ a little
(18) John took carefully notes of all the presentations throughout the conference. (X)
→ careful
(19) More recently examples are the impact of Darwinian biology and Freudian psychology. (X)
→ recent
(20) Mary is no more experienced in marketing than John. (John처럼 Mary도 마케팅에 경험이 없다.)(O)
(21) He cannot so much as write his own name. (그는 자기 이름조차 쓰지 못한다.)(O)
(22) He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. (그는 머리가 둔하다기보다는 교육을 받지 못했다.)(O)
(23) She felt that she was good swimmer as he was, if not better. (X)
→ as good a swimmer as
(24) No other man is faster than Bolt in the whole world.(O)
(25) Thomas Edison believed, "There is no failure until you fail to keep trying, " and he experienced hundreds failed experiments for each success.(X)
→ hundreds of
(26) I felt such nervous that I couldn’t concentrate on my work. (X)
→ so
(27) Advertising shapes our perception of the world as surely as architecture shapes our impression of a city.(O)
(28) This 200-feet-high bell tower is an architectural landmark of San Diego.(X)
→ 200-foot-high
(29) She is more beautiful than any other girl in the class. (O) (girls 하면 아님)
(30) She would be the last person to go along with the plan. (그녀는 그 계획을 계속 따라갈 사람이 결코 아닐 것이다.)(O)
(31) Tom made so firm a decision that it was no good trying to persuade him. (O)
(32) It is the duty of all public servants to ensure that the public’s money is spent as efficient as possible and that programs are provided effectively.(X)
→ efficiently
(33) You have more money than I. (O) (아이, 미 둘 다 나올 수 있는데 주격이기에 아이)
(34) Your son’s hair is the same color as you. (X)
→ yours
(35) The predictable patterns allow beginning second language readers to become involved immediate in a literacy event in their second language.(X)
→ immediately
(36) However, a person from another culture might read the letters different, ~ (X)
→ differently
(37) The lack of oxygen in the air would make them dizzy, and, perhaps, unconsciously. (X)
→ unconscious
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