조동사(Auxiliary Verb)
● 조동사 분류
| can, could (조동사 King) |
Ability | [can] could는 can의 과거(사실 예외) was(were) able to는 ‘실행’되었다는 면을 강조한 것 |
| Permission | [can, could, may]: might는 넘 비굴해서 잘 안씀.) 정중함의 정도: can〈 could〈 may(넘 formal) 부정문(금지): <cannot, must not> 미국어는 cannot 선호 |
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| Request or Suggestion |
[can, could, will, would] could, would가 can, will보다 정중한 표현 |
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| 필요, 의무 | Necessary to do Commend |
[need to〈 have to〈 must〈 have got to, be to] have to: 다른 선택의 여지가 없다는 점을 강조한 표현 must: 권력, 지위가 위에 있는 사람이 쓸 수 있는 표현(상관 등). 의문문으로는 잘 쓰지 않는다. have got to: ve('s)의 축약형으로 쓰며, 의문문, 부정문에는 절대 안씀. 불필요(부정문)에는 don't need to, don't have to를 씀. |
| Advice | [should = ought to〈 had better] should: 가장 보편적이고 널리 쓰이는 표현 ought to: should와 의미가 같고, 의문문에서는 절대 사용하지 않으며, 부정문에서도(ought not to)에서도 잘 사용하지 않는다. had better: 조언＋경고로서 의사 등이 잘 사용. |
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| 추 측 | Certainty <〓> Impossibility |
[must <〓> cannot, couldn't] 과거형은 must have p.p. <〓> cannot(couldn't) have p.p. is: 100%, must: 95%, may: 50%, cannot: 5%, isn't: 0% |
| Possibility | [might, may, could]: ~일 수도 있다. - 가능성의 정도만 달라질 뿐 다 쓸 수 있다.(can없음) 과거형은 might(may, could) have p.p. might(could) have p.p.는 가정법적 의미로 쓰이는 경우도 있다. |
● 조동사 do(does, did) 용법
do (does, did)의 용법- do(does), did는 조동사로도 쓰이며 본동사로도 쓰인다. 조동사는 본동사 앞에서 그 뜻을 보조해 주는 동사이다.
1. 의문문과 부정문에 주로 쓰인다.
What did you do yesterday?
(did는 조동사, do는 본동사)
Do you like milk? (Do는 조동사, like는 본동사)
I do not like milk. (do는 조동사)
2. 동사의 의미를 강조하는 do
Do go and see him.
3. 대동사로 쓰이는 경우
Did you go to the park yesterday?
Yes, I did.(=Yes, I went there yesterday.)
He runs much faster than she does.(does = runs)
● May, Might 용법
1. 허락, 허가 : ∼해도 좋다 ↔ must not
May I smoke here?
- Yes, you may. (허가)
- No, you may not. (불허가)
- No, you must not. (금지)
You may go into the garden; but you must not pluck the flowers.
You may call him a good scholar, but you cannot call him a good teacher.
He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.
2. 추측, 추정 ∼일지도 모른다. ↔ may not
What he says may be true, or may not be true.
He may be rich.
= It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측 : may + 원형)
He may have been rich.
= It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측 : may have + p.p)
가정법 과거완료 = might have + p.p.
He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.)
(그는 그녀를 만날지도 모른다 : 현재의 추측)
He may have met her. (= It is possible that he met her.)
(그는 그녀를 과거에 만났을지도 모른다 : 과거의 추측)
I may have seen him before.
He may have said so. (추정 : 진짜 그렇게 말했을지도 모른다.)
He might have said so. (가정 : 실제는 그렇게 말하지 않았다.)
He might have met her.
= He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료)
= He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)
3. 능력 (may = can)
Gather roses while you may. (시기를 놓치지 마라) (may = can)
A man may be known by his friends.
● May, Might 관용적 용법.
1. 기원문 : 기원, 소원을 나타내는 경우
May you succeed!
May the Emperor live long! (황제 만세!)
May be rest in peace! (편히 잠드소서!)
2. 목적
I learned German so that I might not be at a loss as a doctor.
He works very hard (so) that his parents may live in comfort.
3. 양보
He may be a bright boy but he is quite selfish
may ∼ not : 비록 ∼이라 해도, 과연 ∼이지만
4. may well + VR : ～하는 것은 당연하다.
과거 : may well have + p.p.
She may well be proud of her son.
He may well say so. (～하는 것은 당연하다)
= He says so, and well he may.
= He has good reason to say so.
= It is natural that he should say so.
= no wonder
= a matter of course
= not surprising
= I take it for granted that he says so.
5. may (might) as well A as B : B 하느니 차라리 A 하는 게 낫다.
∼할 바에는 ⋯하는 게 낫다. ∼하는 것은⋯하는 것과 같다.
실현 가능한 일에는 : may as well ∼ as
실현 불가능한 일에는 : might as well ～ as
You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
(그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)
You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.
(그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 이리를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)
You might as well expect the sun to rise in the west as expect me to change
my opinion.
6. may as well = had better ∼하는 게 좋다.
You may as well begin at once.
= might as well
= had better
7. 공손한 표현 : may보다 might가 더 정중한 표현임
Might I ask your mane?
You might bring me a cup of coffee.
Might I ask you a question?
● Can, Could 용법
1. 능력, 가능.
I can speak English. (현재시제 = be able to)
과거 : I was able to speak English.
미래 : I will be able to speak English.
현재완료 : I have been able to speak English.
과거완료 : I had been able to speak English.
미래완료 : I will have been able to speak English.
2. 추측, 강한 의혹.
① 의혹 (도대체 ∼일까?)
Who can he be? (도대체 누구일까?)
Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?)
Where can it be? (그것이 도대체 어디에 있을까?)
② 부정적 추정 (cannot be : ∼일리가 없다) (cannot +have + pp : ∼이었을 리가 없다.)
It cannot be true.
He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측, 그는 정직할 리가 없다)
= It is impossible that he is honest.
It cannot have been true. (사실이었을 리가 없다.)
He cannot have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= It is impossible that he was honest.
Can he have written this English composition?
- No, he can't have written it.
cannot이 추측을 나타낼 땐 과거형에 could not을 사용치 않고, 반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용할 것.
3. 허가 또는 가벼운 명령 (=may)
You can go home now. (허가)
Can I help you?
4. 공손한 표현
Could you show me the way to the station? (공손)
5. 관용적 표현 : cannot ∼ too⋯ 아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다.
We cannot be too careful of our health.
We cannot praise him too much.
We cannot be too careful in the choice of our friends.
We can scarcely pay too high a price of liberty.
It can never be too late to learn anything.
● Must, have to, had to
1. 필요, 의무 (must + 의지동사) = have to
You must go there.
= It is necessary that you should go there.
= It is necessary for you to go there.
must의 부정어는 need not, do not need to, do not have to, have not to 등.
You must go there.
의문문: Do you have to go there?
과거형: You had to go there.
미래형: You will have to go there.
You have only to do your duty. (～하기만 하면 된다)
2. 추측 (must + 무의지동사) ∼임에 틀림이 없다. ↔cannot be
He must be honest. (현재의 추측)
= I am sure that he is honest.
= It is certain
= It is impossible
≠ He cannot be honest.
He must have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= I am sure that he was honest.
= It is impossible
≠ He cannot have been honest.
3. 기타 용법.
① He must (needs) come. (꼭 ～한다고 고집하다) needs : '꼭, 반드시'란 뜻의 부사
He must (needs) have his own way. : 그는 꼭 자기 생각대로 해야 한다.
② 필연, 불가피
Sooner or later, death must come to us all!
(필연 : 반드시 ～하다. 조만간 죽음은 우리 모두에게 다가온다)
All must die.
③ 금지, 허가
You must not tell a lie. (금지; ～해서는 안된다)
≠ You may tell a lie. (허가; ～해도 좋다)
You mustn't make such a great noise.
I think that I must go.
과거: I thought that I must go.
4. Have to, had to의 용법
① have to = must
don't have to = need not
must는 추측(∼임에 틀림이 없다)에도 쓰이지만, have to는 필요, 의무에만 쓰이고 추측에는 못쓴다.
You don't have to go there at once.
② have to, had to의 부정문과 의문문
㉠ 부정문
don't have to = have not to
didn't have to = had not to
㉡ 의문문
Do you have to∼?
Have you to∼?
Did you have to∼?
Had you to∼?
미국은 Do, Did를 많이 사용하며
영국은 습관적·규칙적인 일을 나타낼 때 흔히 Do, Did를 쓴다.
③ must의 과거형 : had to
must의 미래형 : will(shall) have to
④ 간접화법에서 must의 과거는 had to 또는 그대로 must 사용
He said he must(=had to) look after the child.
He said it must(≠had to) be true. (추측)
● Will, Would, Shall
1. 의지조동사
① 주어의 의지를 나타내는 will : 이때의 will은 강하게 발음한다.
I will do as I like.
I shall be glad if you will help me.
She says she will leave here. = She says, "I will leave here."
② 말하는 사람의 의지를 나타내는 shall
You shall have higher wages, if you work hard.
= I will give you higher wages, if you work hard.
My son shall bring the money to you.
= I will let my son bring the money to you.
You shall die. = I will kill you.
③ 상대방의 의지를 묻는 shall, will
Shall I shut the window?
Will you take it back with you? (의뢰, 권유)
Will you pass me the salt, please?
Will you have another cup of tea?
Shall my daughter go first? = Do you want me to let my daughter go first?
- Yes, let her go first.
- No, you need not.
2. 습관
Will : 현재의 불규칙적 습관. (～하곤 하다)
Would : 과거의 불규칙적 습관. (～하곤 했다)
He will often sit up reading all night.
He will often come to see me of an evening.
of an evening : 저녁에
of late years : 근년에
of a Sunday : 일요일에
of late : 요즈음
He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.
3. 소망 (wish to, want to)
He who would search for pearls, must dive deep.
Would that I were young again!
= Would to God
= I wish
4. 거절, 고집 아무리 해도∼하지 않다
The door will not open. (현재의 고집)
He would not help me. (과거의 고집)
5. 습성, 경향 (He'll과 같이 생략형을 쓸 수가 없다)
Accident will happen.
Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.
Boys will be boys.
6. 기타.
This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. (포용력)
Would you pass me the salt? (공손)
(You will) please do so. (공손)
He would be about twenty, when he met her. (추측)
This will be your luggage, I suppose. (추측)
will이 명사로 쓰이면 의지, 뜻, 의사, 유언 등으로 쓰임.
He has a strong will. (그는 강한 의지를 갖고 있다)
He made his will before his death.
I would rather die (than) live in dishonor.
= would sooner
= had rather
= I would choose death before life in dishonor.
= I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (전치사 + 명사, 동명사)
= I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.
(불명예스럽게 사느니 죽는 것이 낫다.)
Freedom of speech shall not be violated. (법률, 규칙)
Nation shall rise against nation. (예언)
● Would 용법
would는 will의 과거형이므로 will의 용법에 준한다.
① 과거의 거부, 고집
He would not take the money.
② 과거의 습관
He would often go swimming in the river while he was in the country.
③ 과거의 추측
He would be about twenty when he crossed the Pacific on a yacht alone.
④ would = wish to
He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.
● Should 용법
① 의무, 당연 (should + VR : ～해야 한다) = ought to + VR
The young should respect the old.
You should obey the laws.
② 과거의 비난, 유감, 후회 (should + have + p.p. : ～했어야 했는데)
You should have worked harder.
= ought to
= I am sorry (that) you didn't work harder.
= I wish you had worked harder.
= Would that
= Would to God
= If only
= You had to work harder, but you didn't.
③ 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 (의문사 + should)
should가 why, how, who 등의 의문문에서 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연 등으로 쓰이면 '도대체 ～인가?'의 뜻으로 쓰인다.
Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?
How should you understand such a difficult problem.
Why in the world should I go?
What has he done that you should resort to violence?
(그가 도대체 무슨 짓을 했다고 네가 폭력을 쓴단 말이냐?)
④ 수사의문문
How should I know it? = I don't know at all.
⑤ Who should A but B? : 도대체 누가 A 하는가 했더니 다름 아닌 바로 B이더라.
Who should enter the classroom but the principal?
⑥ 이성적 판단의 should.
It is + 형 + that～ 구문에서 형용사 necessary, important, proper, natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational 등이 오면 that절에 should를 사용한다.
(해석할 필요는 없음)
It is natural that he should get angry.
= It is natural for him to get angry.
= He may well get angry.
It is necessary that you should answer the question.
It is right that you should say so.
⑦ 감정적 판단의 should.
It is 다음에 a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious, wonderful, regrettable 등이 쓰이면 that～에 should를 사용하며, '～하다니'로 해석한다.
should + 동사원형 → 현재의 일.
should + have + p.p. → 과거의 일.
It is strange that she should cry all day long.
It is a pity that he should have died young.
It is surprising that he should study the subject.
⑧ 주명희요기제(주장, 명령, 희망, 요구, 기대, 제안)를 나타내는 경우
(advice, advisable, insist, demand, desire, expect, require, request, propose, move, suggest, order, wish) + that + S + (should) + VR
He insisted that he (should) go to the party.
= He insisted on (또는 upon) going to the party.
I ordered that he (should) do it himself.
⑨ 기타.
㉠ 추측, 기대
He should arrive by the 6:15 train.
They should be there by now, I think.
㉡ 완곡한 표현
I should like to go to America once more.
㉢ lest ∼ should 용법 : ∼하지 않도록
자체 속에 부정의 뜻을 포함하고 있으므로, should다음에 not을 쓰지 않도록 주의.
lest ∼should = for fear of ∼ing = so that may not
Write it down in your notebook lest you should forget it.
He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard.
● Ought to
should와 거의 같은 뜻으로 사용된다.
1. 당연, 의무
You ought to start at once. (～해야 한다, should와 거의 같은 뜻)
You ought not to say such things. (부정; ought not to～)
Our experience ought to be a stimulus for our success in the future. (의무)
He ought to speak English well, for he has lived in England for many years. (당연)
① ought to + 의지동사 : ∼하는 것이 당연하다.
You ought to pay back your debts.
= It is your duty to pay back your debts.
② ought to + 무의지동사 : ∼하는 것은 당연한 것으로 이상할 게 없다.
Such an able man ought to succeed.
= It is natural that such an able man should succeed.
2. 과거의 유감, 후회, 비난. (ought to have + pp = should have + pp)
ought to have + p.p는 과거에 실행되지 못한 일에 대해 유감, 비난, 후회를 나타내며 '～했어야 했는데'의 뜻을 갖는다.
You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.
= You should have told me that matter yesterday.
= I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.
= I wish you had told me that matter yesterday.
(너는 어제 그 일을 나에게 말했어야 했는데...)
He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now.
(그는 지금쯤 마땅히 서울역에 도착해 있을 거야; 당연한 추측)
3. 미래의 추측.
It ought to be rainy tomorrow. (당연히 ～일 것이다)
If he left home at seven, he ought to be here now.
4. ought to의 의문문
Ought he to join us?
- Yes, he ought (to).
● Dare
1) dare는 부정문과 의문문에서만 조동사로 쓰여 “감히 ～하다”
I dare not go there.
= I don't dare to go there.
How dare you say such a thing to my face?
= How do you dare to say such a thing to my face?
(내 면전에서 네가 감히 나에게 그런 말을 할 수 있겠는가?)
2) dare to do : 본동사로서 “감히 ～하다”
He does not dare to tell us.
3) I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = 아마.
● Need
1) need는 부정문과 의문문에서만 조동사로 쓰인다.
He needs your help. (본동사, 그는 너의 도움을 필요로 한다)
He need not go there. (조동사)
= He does not need to go there. (본동사)
Need he work so hare? (조동사)
= Does he need to work so hard? (본동사)
2) need not have + p.p : ～할 필요가 없었는데 ～를 했다.
did not need to～ : ～할 필요가 없었다, 그래서 ～하지 않았다.
He need not have written to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었는데... (그런데도 썼다))
He did not need to write to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었다. (썼는지의 여부는 모름))
3) need가 명사로 쓰이는 경우
daily needs: 일용품.
immediate needs: 당장 필요한 것들.
The house is in need of repair. (명사로 필요, 소용, 결핍의 뜻)
in need of～ : ～에 필요한.
in need : 곤경에 빠져있는. (A friend in need is a friend indeed.)
● Used to
1) use가 명사, 동사로 쓰일 때.
You use your legs when you walk. (동사, [ju:z])
The telephone is of no use in this town. (명사, [ju:s])
use up = exhaust: 다 써 버리다.
of no use = useless: 소용이 없는.
2) used to + 동사원형.
① 과거의 규칙적 습관
I used to get up early. ([ju:st], 과거의 규칙적 습관)
= I was in the habit of getting up early.
= I made it a rule to get up early.
= I made a point of getting up early.
= I made it a point to get up early.
② 과거의 상태
There used to be a big tree there.
He used to live in Pusan.
③ used to의 의문문과 부정문
Used he to call on you every Sunday?
Did he use to call on you every Sunday?
He used not to live here.
He did not use to live here.
3) be used to + 명사, 동명사. ∼에 익숙하다.
He is used to driving a car.
= He is accustomed to drive a car.
= driving
be used to 다음에 반드시 명사 또는 동명사가 오며 “～에 익숙하다”의 뜻.
be accustomed to 다음엔 동사원형 또는 명사나 동명사가 모두 쓰임.
상세
● 조동사 do, 일반동사 do, 강조의 do, 대동사 do
| (일반동사만의) 조동사 do |
형태 |
do does + 일반동사원형 did |
|
| 해석 | 없음 | 예문 | |
| 평서문 | 일반동사의 평서문에는 사용하지 않는다. | ||
| 부정문 | do not(=don't) S + does not(=doesn't) + 일반동사원형~. did not(=didn't) |
ex)She does not like the work. S 조동사 부정어 3V O 그녀는 그 일을 좋아하지 않는다. |
|
| 의문문 | Do Does + S + 일반동사원형 ~? Did |
ex)Did she finish the work ? 조동사 S 3V O 그녀는 그 일을 끝냈니? |
|
| 일반동사 do | 형태 | S + do ~ . 1V ( 동사변화 : do - did - done- doing ) S + do + 명사 ~ . 3V O |
|
| 해석 |
적절하다, 충분하다 (1형식) ~을 하다, ~을 끝내다(3형식) |
예 문 | |
| 평서문 | S + do . S + do + O ~ . |
ex) This pen will do.(1형식문장) ☞ 주로 will과 함께 사용. S 조동사 1V 이 펜이면 충분하다. ex) She does the work. (3형식문장) S 3V O 그녀는 그 일을 한다. |
|
| 부정문 | do not S + does not do . did not do not S + does not do + O ~ . did not |
ex) This pen will not do. (1형식문장) ☞ 주로 will과 함께 사용. S 조동사 1V 이 펜으로는 충분하지 않다. ex) She doesn't do the work. (3형식문장) S 조동사 일반동사 O 그녀는 그 일을 하지 않는다. |
|
| 의문문 | Do Does + S + do ~ ? Did Do Does + S + do + O ~ ? Did |
ex) Will this pen do? (1형식문장) ☞ 주로 will과 함께 사용. 조동사 S 일반동사 이 펜으로 충분할까? ex) Does she do the work? (3형식문장) 조동사 S 일반동사 O 그녀가 그 일을 하니? |
|
| 강조의 do | 형태 | do does + 일반동사원형 (일반동사가 있는 문장에만 사용 가능) did |
|
| 해석 | 정말로 , 진짜로 (부사처럼 사용) | 예 문 | |
| 평서문 | do S + does + 일반동사원형 ~ . did (조동사 do의 사용과 구분할 필요가 있다.) |
ex) She does like him. S 강조의do 일반동사원형 O 그녀는 정말로 그를 좋아한다. ex) I did do the work. S 강조의do 일반동사원형 O 내가 정말 그 일을 했다. |
|
| 부정문 | 사용하지 않는다 | ||
| 의문문 | 사용하지 않는다 | ||
| 대동사 do | 형태 | do does did |
|
| 해석 | 그렇다 | 예문 | |
| 평서문 | A : S + 일반동사 ~. B : S + do / does / did ~. |
ex) A : She sings well. 그녀는 노래를 잘한다. B : He does. 대동사 (=sings well , too ) 그도 그래 |
|
| 대답 | A : Do Does + S + 일반동사원형 ~ ? Did B :Yes, S + do / does / did . No, S + do / does / did + not |
ex) A : Does she live in the house ? 그녀가 그 집에 사나요? B : Yes, she does. (=lives in the house) 네, 그래요. |
|
| 부가 의문문 |
don't S + 일반동사 ~, doesn't + S ? didn't do not do S + does not 일반동사원형 ~ , does + S ~? did not did |
ex) She likes the show , doesn't she ? 그녀는 그 쇼를 좋아해, 그렇지? ex) She doesn't like the show, does she? 그녀는 그 쇼를 좋아하지 않아, 그렇지? |
|
대동사는 ① do/does/did 뿐만 아니라 ② Be 동사 ③ have 동사 ④ 조동사 등을 이용한 형태들이 있다.
● 조동사의 용법 및 구동사 조동사
1.He suggested to go there. (X) ->suggest ~ing
그는 거기 가라고 제안했다.
2.He advised to go there. (X) ->advise ~ing
그는 거기 가보라고 충고했습니다.
*advise : give your opinion to someone about the best thing to do in the particular situation.(조언하다/충고하다 advise someone to do something)/
tell someone facts or information that they need to know.(공지하다 ex. The committee will advise all applicants of its decision by June 30th.
3.She insisted to go there. (X)->insist on ~ing
그녀는 거기에 가야 한다고 주장했다.
4.She is considering to go there. (X)->consider ~ing
그녀는 거기 갈 생각을 하고 있다.
제가 왜 해고되었는지 이유를 알아야겠습니다.(Tell me why I was fired.)
I demand to know why I was fired.
/ I claim to know why I was fired. ->저는 왜 해고당했는지 알고 있습니다.
*claim : say that something is true, even though there is no definite proof.
어떤 사실이나 생각을 말하다.
Ex) The report claimed that hundreds of civilians had crossed the border to escape the fighting. 그 기사는 수백만의 민간인들이 전투를 피해 국경을 넘었다고 보도했습니다.
He claims he is innocent. 그는 죄가 없다고 말한다.
The organization claims to represent more than 20,000 firms.
그 단체는 2만 이상의 기업들을 대표한다고 말한다.
*demand : say in a very firm way that you want something./ ask a question in a very firm way or angry way. 요구사항을 말하다, 강력히 요구하다. /꼬치꼬치 캐묻다.
E.g.) Angry congressmen are demanding an inquiry into the deal.
화가 난 시의원들은 그 비밀거래의 진상조사를 강력히 요구하고 있다.
She demanded to know what was happening.
그녀는 무슨 일이 일어났는지를 알아야만 했다.
“Where do you think you’re going?” she demanded.
“넌 어디 갈 거야?” 그녀는 꼬치꼬치 캐물었다.
I claim to know why I got dumped.-> 저는 실연당한 이유를 알고 있습니다.
Point 1. Decide to를 조동사처럼 외우자!
hope to/want to/wish to +동사원형
Point 2. Listening comprehension!!!
I can’t afford to buy a *Mercedes (Benz). *발음:멀쎄이디즈.
벤츠 살 돈이 없다.
We all agree to stop for the night.
하루 밤 묵기로 했다. (일박하기로 했다)
She asked to hear his story.
그녀는 그의 이야기를 해달라고 했다.
I don’t care to discuss it ever again. ( I don’t want to~.)
다시는 그 문제에 관해서 얘기하고 싶지 않습니다.
She claimed to know the truth.
그녀는 진실을 안다고 했다.
She demanded to know the truth. (Let me know the truth.)
그녀는 사실을 알고자 했다.
She deserves to be appointed to the position. (~할 자격이 있다. She is worth being appointed to the position. / The position is worth being given to her. )
그녀는 그 자리/직책에 임명될만하다.
I expected to be paid over 300 dollars.
나는 300달러 이상 받을 줄 알았다.
She failed to win an Oscar (award ) as Best actress.
그녀는 오스카 여우주연상을 받지 못했다.
I managed to be paid the bills, but it was hard.
먹고살고는 있지만, 참 산다는 건 힘든 일이었다.
*manage : success in doing something, especially something that needs a lot of effort or skill or that you do not really want to do. 해내다, 그럭저럭 해내다 /deal successfully with a problem or difficult situation. 해결하다 /organize and control the work of a company, organization, or group of people. 운영하다 , 관리하다/be able to provide something such as money or time. 시간/돈을 내다/제공하다.
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
네 마음을 아프게 하고 싶지 않았는데! (I’m sorry that I’m hurt you.)
I meant to call you.
전화하려고 했는데! (I’m sorry that I didn’t call you.)
He threatened to get me sacked.
그는 나를 잘라버리겠다고 협박했다.
Point 3.
세 단어짜리 조동사! Be able to
When you’re going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair.
I’ll be sure to wear some flowers in my hair.
꼭 꽃을 꽂을 거예요.
I was curious to know what she has done. (I really want to know~.)
그녀가 무슨 일을 했는지 너무너무 알고 싶었다.
I’m anxious to suggest selling the share now. (I really want to~.)
지금 당장 그 주식을 팔라고 권하고 싶습니다.
(cf. I’m anxious /worried/concerned about~: ~를 걱정하다.)
I’m eager to suggest selling now.
I’m keen to suggest selling now.
She’s reluctant to go there. (She really doesn’t want to~.)
그녀는 거기 가려고 하지 않는다.
기출 문제
(1) A competing firm may already offer Tom a job before we made our offer.
(2) The garden is all wet. It must rain last night.
(3) You ought not to drive if you‟re sick.
(4) I could not help pitying him.
(5) We used to going swimming in the lake.
(6) For courtesy's sake I couldn't but refuse her offer. (예의상 나는 그녀의 제안을 거절할 수 없었다.)
(7) You would be better not to do it at all than to do it that way.
(8) You don't have to have a degree to pursue your dream. (너의 꿈을 추구하기 위해 학위를 가져야 할 필요는 없다.)
(9) You cannot be too careful when it comes to safety. (안전에 대해서는 아무리 주의를 기울여도 지나치지 않다.)
(10) I should not have gone to the party. (난 그 파티에 가지 말았어야 했다.)
(11) He must have known the truth in advance. (그는 그 사실을 미리 알고 있었음에 틀림없다.)
(12) He could have done such a stupid thing. (그가 그렇게 어리석은 짓을 했을 리가 없다.)
(13) Since there were no light on the laboratory, they must have left early. (실험실에 불빛이 하나도 없는 것을 보니 그들은 분명히 일찍 떠났을 것이다.)
(14) Having no money in his wallet, he had no choice but to walk more than ten kilometers. (지갑에 돈이 없었기 때문에 그는 10 킬로미터 이상을 걸어가지 않을 수 없었다. )
(15) In spite of the wonderful acting, sensitive photographs and well-developed plot the three-hour movie could not holds our attention.
(16) You’d better to go now or you’ll be late.
정답
(1) A competing firm may already offer Tom a job before we made our offer. (X)
→ may have already offered
(2) The garden is all wet. It must rain last night. (X)
→ must have rained
(3) You ought not to drive if you’re sick. (O)
(4) I could not help pitying him. (O)
(5) We used to going swimming in the lake. (X)
→ go
(6) For courtesy's sake I couldn't but refuse her offer. (예의상 나는 그녀의 제안을 거절할 수 없었다.) (X)
→ but삭제 (이중부정은 긍정)
(7) You would be better not to do it at all than do it that way. (X)
→ would rather not do
→ do
(8) You don't have to have a degree to pursue your dream. (너의 꿈을 추구하기 위해 학위를 가져야 할 필요는없다.) (O)
(9) You cannot be too careful when it comes to safety. (안전에 대해서는 아무리 주의를 기울여도 지나치지 않다.)(O)
(10) I should not have gone to the party. (난 그 파티에 가지 말았어야 했다.) (O)
(11) He must have known the truth in advance. (그는 그 사실을 미리 알고 있었음에 틀림없다.) (O)
(12) He could have done such a stupid thing. (그가 그렇게 어리석은 짓을 했을 리가 없다.) (X)
→ could not have done
(13) Since there were no lights on the laboratory, they must have left early. (실험실에 불빛이 하나도 없는 것을 보니 그들은 분명히 일찍 떠났을 것이다.) (O)
(14) 지갑에 돈이 없었기 때문에 그는 10 킬로미터 이상을 걸어가지 않을 수 없었다. (Having no money in his wallet, he had no choice but to walk more than ten kilometers.) (O)
(15) In spite of the wonderful acting, sensitive photographs and well-developed plot the three-hour movie could not holds our attention. (X)
→ hold
(16) You’d better to go now or you’ll be late. (X)
→ go
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