분사 (分詞, Participle)
● 분사 의미
일반 동사가 -ing 또는 -ed(불규칙 동사는 -en, -ght 등 다양함)로 끝나는 형태가 되어 동사 구조(진행형, 완료, 수동태), 형용사, 부사 등의 역할을 하는 것을 분사(分詞, participle)라고 한다.
분사(participle)라는 단어의 어원은 라틴어 participium에서 왔다. 이 단어는 영어로 공유(sharing), 참가(participation)를 의미한다. 분사가 다른 동사 구조(진행형, 완료, 수동태), 형용사, 부사 등의 특성을 공유하는 것을 나타낸다.
● 분사 종류
분사는 동작을 내포하고 있는 형용사 구실을 하는 것으로, 현재분사와 과거분사가 있다.
| 현재분사 (능동적 의미) | 과거분사 (수동적 의미) |
| a walking man 걸어가는 사람 | a wounded soldier 부상당한 군인 |
| a sleeping child 잠자는 아이 | a spoken language 구어(口語) |
| a crying baby 우는 아이 | a broken chair 부서진 의자 |
| a flying bird 나는 새 | broken tea 가루 차 |
| a running cat 달리는 고양이 | surprised look 놀란 표정 |
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
an exciting scene = a scene which excites the one
fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen
a broken window = a window which is broken
an excited spectator = a spectator who is excited (열광된 관중)
과거분사의 경우 ∼을 당한, 즉 수동의 뜻을 포함하고 있으며, 타동사의 과거분사만을 쓰고 자동사의 과거분사는 명사를 수식하는 형용사 용법으로 쓰지 않는 것이 원칙이나 다음과 같은 예외도 있다. 다음은 상태를 나타내는 형용사 구실을 한다.
a returned soldier 귀환병
a decayed tooth 충치
by gone days 지나간 세월
sunken rock 암초
a retired officer 퇴역 장교
a rotten egg 썩은 달걀
a faded flower 시들은 꽃
a well-read man 다독한 사람
a man returned from abroad 외국에서 돌아온 사람
● 분사의 한정적 용법(부가적 용법)
명사 앞이나 뒤에서 직접 명사를 수식하는 구실을 하는 것을 말한다.
1) 전위 수식 (앞에서 수식) : 대개의 경우 분사는 명사 앞에 놓인다.
Who is the sleeping baby?
A burnt child dreads the fire.
2) 후위수식 : 다음과 같은 경우에는 분사가 수식하는 명사의 뒤에 놓인다.
① 분사가 보어 · 목적어 · 부사(구)를 동반할 때는 통상 명사의 뒤에 놓인다.
People living in the large cities are very busy every day. (부사구를 동반)
It was a large house built of stone and brick. (부사구를 동반)
A man named Aesop wrote this famous story book. (보어를 동반)
The boy sleeping in the sun is my brother. (부사구를 동반)
Who is that boy wearing a big straw hat? (목적어를 동반)
He had a lovely little daughter called Bessy. (보어를 동반)
He is an artist just returned from France. (부사구를 동반)
I received a letter written in English. (부사구를 동반)
② 분사가 대명사를 수식할 때는 부속어가 없어도 뒤에 온다.
Of those invited only a few came to the party.
● 분사의 서술적 용법
분사도 형용사처럼 보어로서 주어 혹은 목적어를 서술적으로 수식한다.
1) 주격보어로 쓰일 때
He sat reading the magazine. (현재분사: 능동의 관계)
He remained satisfied with his salary. (과거분사: 수동의 관계)
She was crying. (진행 : 그녀는 울고 있었다.)
She sat crying. (상태 : 그녀는 앉아서 울고 있었다.)
She lay crying. (상태 : 그녀는 누워서 울고 있었다.)
She came crying. (운동 : 그녀는 울면서 왔다.)
She went crying. (운동 : 그녀는 울면서 갔다.)
She kept crying. (지속 : 그녀는 계속해서 울었다.)
He was surrounded. (동작, 상태 : 그는 포위되어 있었다.)
He sat surrounded (by his children). (상태)
He stood surrounded. (상태)
He lay surrounded. (상태)
He came in surrounded. (동작 : 그는 포위되어 들어왔다.)
He went out surrounded. (동작)
She remained standing for some time.
A dog came running to me.
He went fishing.
She grew tired with long walk.
My brother is busy preparing for the entrance examination.
He got tired of the work, and left the store unnoticed.
2) 목적격보어로 쓰일 때
I don't like to see you disappointed.
I saw him crossing the street. (O.C)
I found her weeping.
I heard the boys making noise in the class room.
I made it known to all my friends.
I found her killed in the wood.
He cannot make himself understood in English.
● 분사의 특수 용법
1) have(get) + 사물 + 과거분사
① 이익이 되는 경우 : ∼을 하도록 시키다
I had my hair cut yesterday.
When did you have(get) your hair cut?
I must have(get) this watch mended at the store.
② 손해가 되는 경우 : ∼을 당하다. have + 사람 + VR도 같은 용법임
I had my watch stolen. = I had someone steal my watch.
I had my pocket picked. = I had someone pick my pocket.
cf. I want to have my hair cut by that barber.
I want to have that barber cut my hair.
I want to get that barber to cut my hair. (나는 저 이발사한테 머리를 깎고 싶다.)
2) have + 사람 + 현재(과거)분사
① have + 사람 + 현재분사 : ∼을 ∼하게 해 두다
I had him waiting [=wait] for me in the next room. (그를 옆방에서 기다리게 했다.)
He had me standing for a long time outside.
② have + 사람 + 과거분사 : ∼을 당하다
He had his wife dressed up. (그는 자기 아내에게 옷을 잘 입혔다.)
3) will(would) have + O + VR : ∼이 ∼하기를 바라다
Will(=Would) you have me believe it? = Do you want me to believe it?
My father would have me go to sea as soon as possible.
4) 의사 분사 :
명사에 -ed를 붙여서 과거분사의 형태로 ～을 가지고 있는 의 뜻인 형용사로 쓰임.
a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.
a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.
a blue-eyed girl = a girl who has blue eyes.
a kind-hearted man
I really enjoyed the movie, "One-eyed Jack" last night.
5) 2 형식 동사 + 형용사(보어) → 형용사 + 현재분사.
The rose smells sweet. → the sweet-smelling rose. (향기 나는 장미)
The wine tastes nice → the nice-tasting wine. (맛이 좋은 술)
주어 + be + p.p + by + 명사 → 명사 + p.p. + 주어.
The fruit is dried by the sun. → the sun-dried fruit.(햇빛에 말린 과일)
Citizens are struck by terror. → terror-stricken citizens. (공포에 질린 시민)
주어 + be + 부사 + p.p. → 부사 + p.p. + 주어.
English is widely spoken. → widely-spoken English. (널리 쓰이는 영어)
The worker is well trained. → the well-trained worker. (잘 훈련된 일꾼)
주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어 + 현재분사 + 주어.
The drug kills pain. → the pain-killing drug. (진통제)
The animals eat plants. → the plant-eating animals. (초식동물)
6) 부사로 사용되는 분사 ⇒ 매우(very)의 뜻.
It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (매우 춥다)
He got soaking wet. (그는 흠뻑 젖었다.)
7) the + 분사 = 명사
The dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.
(죽어 가는 사람들과 죽은 사람들이 들 것에 실려갔다.)
The killed and the wounded [=Killed and wounded people] lay on the battle-field.
the dead (죽은 사람들), the dying (죽어 가는 사람들)
the accused (피고), the accuser (원고)
8) as + 분사 = 보어 : regard, consider와 같은 동사는 분사 앞에 as를 붙여서 보어가 됨.
We regarded the child as utterly lost. (as이하가 목적격 보어)
I considered the matter as settled.
● 분사의 시제
| 본동사 | 단순형 분사 | 단순형 수동분사 | 완료형 분사 | 완료형 수동분사 |
| go | going | 없 음 | having gone | 없음 : 자동사이므로 |
| make | making | being made | having made | having been made |
| write | writing | being written | having written | having been written |
| 본동사의 시제와 같음 | 본동사의 시제보다 하나 더 과거 시제 | |||
Living in the country, I am very health.
= As I live in the country, I am very healthy.
Living in the country, I was very healthy.
= As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.
Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.
= As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.
Having written my letter, I posted it.
= After I had written my letter, I posted it.
● 분사구문(Participle Construction)
분사를 이용하여 부사절을 간단히 부사구로 고친 것으로, 그 구가 주절을 부사적으로 수식할 때 이를 분사구문이라고 하며, 때(시간), 이유·원인, 조건, 양보, 부대상황(동시동작, 연속동작)을 표시하는 접속사의 뜻이 내포되어 있다.
1. 분사구문 만드는 법
1) 접속사를 없앤다.
2) 분사구문으로 변형시킬 절의 주어가 주절의 주어와 같을 때는 분사구문에 따르는 주어를 없앤다.
3) 접속사가 있는 절의 동사는 동사원형 + ing 형태로 만든다.
2. 분사구문을 절로 고치는 법
1) 분사구문과 주절과의 관계를 살펴본 후 적당한 접속사를 선택한다.
2) 주어가 생략된 경우 주절의 주어나 일반인 주어 중에서 알맞은 주어를 보충한다.
3) 분사를 시제에 맞추어 알맞은 동사형으로 고친다.
● 분사구문 종류
1) 시간, 때를 나타내는 분사구문 (∼할 때에, ∼하는 동안에)
when, while, after, as 등의 접속사 사용
Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
= While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
(Being) Left alone, I began to read.
= When I was left alone, I began to read.
2) 이유·원인을 나타내는 분사구문 (～이므로, ∼때문에)
as 사용
Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)
= As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.
Tired, I went to bed early.
= As I was tired, I went to bed early.
3) 조건을 나타내는 분사구문 (～한다면)
if 사용
Turning to the right, you will find the house.
= If you turn to the right, you will find the house.
Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
= Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
4) 양보를 나타내는 분사구문 (비록 ～한다 할지라도, ～한다 하더라도)
though 사용
Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.
= Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.
Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.
= Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ∼.
● 부대상황 분사구문
1. 부대상황이란, 분사구문을 적당한 부사절로 바꿀 수 없으므로 and로 연결시켜 동작의 연속으로 보던가, 아니면 동시동작으로 보아서 while 또는 as로 연결시켜 부수적 동작을 나타내는 것을 말한다.
① 부대상황 (동시동작 : while, as ; ～하면서)
동시동작의 접속사는 때를 나타내는 while이나 as로 연결시키지만, 번역은 ∼하면서로 한다. while은 때의 뜻이 강하고, as는 이유의 뜻이 강하므로 동시동작을 뜻할 때는 분사구문 그대로 쓰는 것이 보통이다.
Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
= While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.
= I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.
Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
= As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.
I walked on along the street, looking this way and that.
She went away into fog, saying, "Tomorrow will be another day."
② 부대상황 (연속동작: ～, and + 동사 ; 그리고 ～하다)
We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.
= We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.
2. 분사구문의 뜻이 때, 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해서, 해당 접속사를 분사구문의 앞에 부가하는 경우도 있다.
While bathing in the river, he was drowned.
→ Bathing in the river를 As he bathed in the river로의 오역을 막기 위해 While을 씀.
● 완료분사구문
단순형 분사는 본동사의 시제와 같지만, 완료형 분사는 본동사의 시제보다 한 시제 앞선다.
Having finished my work, I went to bed.
= After I had finished my work, I went to bed.
Having read the book, I returned it to him.
= As I had read the book, I returned it to him.
Having lived in the country, she is healthy.
= As she has lived in the country, she is healthy.
● 수동분사구문
being + 과거분사의 형태를 취하지만, being은 생략하는 것을 원칙으로 한다. 즉, 과거분사로 시작된 구가 문장의 앞에 나오면 수동분사구문이다.
(Being) Wounded in the legs, she could not walk.
= As she was wounded in the legs, she could not walk.
Tired with long work, he soon fell asleep.
Thus refreshed, we proceeded on our journey.
(Having been) Printed in haste, the book has many mistakes.
=As the book was printed in haste, the book has many mistakes.
(Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
=If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
● 독립분사구문
분사구문에는 의미상 주어가 있는데, 이것이 주절의 주어와 같을 때는 생략하지만, 다를 때는 분사의 앞에 분사의 주어를 첨가해 나타내 주어야 한다. 즉, 분사구문이 분사자체의 주어를 갖는 것을 독립분사구문이라고 한다.
① 때
The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
② 이유
It being fine, we went for a walk.
= As it was fine, we went for a walk.
③조건.
We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
④부대상황.
He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.
Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)
Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)
● 비인칭 독립분사구
독립분사구문의 의미상 주어가 필요하지만, 그것이 we, you, they, people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 때는 생략한다. 이러한 것을 비인칭 독립분사구문이라고 한다.
Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.
= If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.
Generally speaking, the climate of Hawaii is very friendly.
= If we speak generally, the climate of Hawaii is very friendly.
Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.
= If we speak strictly, he is not an artist.
Strictly speaking, it has a grammatical mistake.
Frankly speaking, he is not a reliable man.
Comparatively speaking, I am healthier than you. (비교적으로 말하면)
The distance of the sun from the earth is, roughly speaking, ninety-three millions of miles. (대략 말해서)
Judging from his appearance, he seems to be very rich.
Talking of novels, you shall hear the story of Hamlet. (∼에 관한 이야기라면)
Granting that you are drunk, you are responsible for your conduct.
(∼을 시인한다 해도)
Considering his age, he is very intelligent. (Considering = For : ∼에 비하면)
Compared with last year, the prices of commodities have risen by 30 percent.
(∼에 비교하면)
She will recover, seeing that she is still young. (seeing that = since :∼을 보면)
Supposing that you were President of this country, what would you do for this country? (만약 ∼이라면)
Supposing that you became King of the world, you could not make this confused world peaceful. (만약 ∼하더라도)
Taking all things into consideration, (만사를 고려하면)
● Being, Having been 생략
형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략이 가능하다.
분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때 being이 본동사 시제보다 하나 더 과거 시제일 경우엔 having been을 생략한다..
(Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
= As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
= When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
(Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
● 분사의 강조용법
분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do를 사용하고, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.
being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.
As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
～ing as it does 형.
Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
(저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)
(as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)
I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
(몇 년 만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)
(occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)
● with + 목적어 + 분사(부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.
1) with + 목적어 + 현재분사. (목적어의 능동적 행동)
He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.
It was a mistry morning, with little wind blowing.
= It was a mistry morning and little wind was blowing.
(바람이 거의 불지 않는 안개 낀 아침이었다.)
→ 여기에서 with를 뺀다면 little wind blowing은 독립분사구문이다.
2) with + 목적어 + 과거분사. (목적어의 수동적 행동)
He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
= He stood there, closing his eyes.
= He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
= He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
= He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with 분사구문)
With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
(한 눈을 붕대 감고 있었으므로 나는 글을 잘 쓸 수 없었다.)
3) with + 목적어 + 부사(구)
I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나버린다면)
with his feet on the pillow. (두 다리를 베개 위에 올려놓은 채)
with his head against a cushion. (머리를 방석 위에 기댄 채)
4) with + 목적어 + 형용사.
Don't speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)
● 문두에 나오는 주격보어
Being을 보충하면 이유를 나타내는 분사구문이 된다.
Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.
= Being impatient of ～
(더위를 참을 수 없어서, 그는 도시를 떠나 시골로 내려갔다.)
A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.
= Being a man of ～
(사교성이 풍부한 사람이었으므로, 그는 아는 사람이 많았다.)
기출문제
(1) The Blue Train commenced service in 1908, ran from what was then Salisbury, Rhodesia Cape Town, a journey of almost 2,000 kilometers.
(2) Walking along the road, he tripped over the root of a tree,
(3) Having been selected to represent the Association of Korean Dancers at the Annual Convention, she gave a short acceptance speech.
(4) Such was the case when a chain of fast-food restaurants used to run commercials featured a gray-haired, elderly woman who asked, “Where’s the beef?”
(5) Covering with confusion, he left the conference room.
(6) Bored by the tedious speech, the people in the audience drifted away.
(7) With her eyes wide open, she stared at the man.
(8) The books destroying in the fire were all rare first editions.
(9) He counted it, all things considered, the happiest part of his life.
(10) The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
(11) Referring to your request of July 13, the matter is being reviewed by our board
(12) Realizing how they had failed, I regretted taking part in the program.
(13) Among the most tragic accidents are those involving guns.
(14) Good, responsible advertising can serve as a positive influence for change, while generated profits.
(15) Found almost everywhere, it is a survivor of the dinosaur age.
(16) Also, very few animals like to eat them because when attacked they give off a terrible odor. If necessary, many of them can fly to save themselves.
(17) For all folk music lovers, Johnny’s CD releasing two weeks ago, will be a great addition to their collection.
(18) Today, we do not believe this. But chocolate has a special chemical calling phenyl ethylamine.
(19) Seattle, the biggest city in the Pacific Northwest has a low violent crime rate and, like Portland, offering excellent health care and transportation services for seniors.
(20) Over the last few years, the moral dilemma faced hotel guests has changed.
(21) In many families, sibling births spanning a generation, and grandchildren were often similar in age to their parents’ younger brothers and sisters.
(22) My badly damaging windows cost me a lot of money.
(23) While waiting, I began to feel strangely nervous.
(24) She was listening to music with her eyes closed.
(25) We decided to try a wonderful restaurant served raw fish and other dishes.
(26) After the accident, the policeman took the names of the people involved.
(27) The country is a small one with the three quarters of the land surrounding by the sea.
(28) While worked at a hospital, she saw her first air how.
(29) There are women's magazines cover fashion, cosmetics, and recipes as well as youth magazines about celebrities.
(30) In a war-torn country, people with intellectual challenges are often forgotten and abandoned.
(31) The middle-class Americans who choose to avoid the suburban lifestyle and live in the central city were most often those least depended on central-city government services.
정답
(1) The Blue Train commenced service in 1908, ran from what was then Salisbury, Rhodesia Cape Town, a journey of almost 2,000 kilometers. (X)
→ running
(2) Walking along the riverside path, the river met several groups of hikers. (X)
→ he met several groups of hikers
(3) Having been selected to represent the Association of Korean Dancers at the Annual Convention, she gave a short acceptance speech. (O)
(4) Such was the case when a chain of fast-food restaurants used to run commercials featured a gray-haired, elderly woman who asked, “Where’s the beef?”(X)
→ featuring
(5) Covering with confusion, he left the conference room. (X)
→ Covered
(6) Bored by the tedious speech, the people in the audience drifted away. (O)
(7) With her eyes wide open, she stared at the man. (O)
(8) The books destroying in the fire were all rare first editions. (X)
→ destroyed
(9) He counted it, all things considered, the happiest part of his life. (O)
(10) The sun having set, we gave up looking for them. (O)
(11) Referring to your request of July 13, the matter is being reviewed by our board. (X)
→ our board is reviewing the matter
(12) Realizing how they had failed, I regretted taking part in the program. (O)
(13) Among the most tragic accidents are those involving guns. (O)
(14) Good, responsible advertising can serve as a positive influence for change, while generated profits. (X)
→ generating
(15) Found almost everywhere, it is a survivor of the dinosaur age. (O)
(16) Also, very few animals like to eat them// because when attacked they give off a terrible odor. (O)
(17) For all folk music lovers, Johnny’s CD releasing two weeks ago, will be a great addition to their collection(X)
→ released
(18) Today, we do not believe this. But chocolate has a special chemical calling phenyl ethylamine. (X)
→ called
(19) Seattle, the biggest city in the Pacific Northwest has a low violent crime rate and, like Portland, offering excellent health care and transportation services for seniors. (X)
→ offers
(20) Over the last few years, the moral dilemma faced hotel guests has changed. (X)
→ facing
(21) In many families, sibling births spanning a generation, and grandchildren were often similar in age to their
→ spanned parents’ younger brothers and sisters. (X)
(22) My badly damaging windows cost me a lot of money. (X)
→ damaged
(23) While waiting, I began to feel strangely nervous. (O)
(24) She was listening to music with her eyes closed. (O)
(25) We decided to try a wonderful restaurant served raw fish and other dishes. (X)
→ serving
(26) After the accident, the policeman took the names of the people involved. (O)
(27) The country is a small one with the three quarters of the land surrounding by the sea. (X)
→ surrounded
(28) While worked at a hospital., she saw her first air show. (X)(while 있다고 분사오는거 상관없다)
→ working
(29) There are women's magazines cover fashion, cosmetics, and recipes as well as youth magazines about celebrities. (X)
→ covering
(30) In a war-torn country, people with intellectual challenges are often forgotten and abandoned. (O)
(31) The middle-class Americans who choose to avoid the suburban lifestyle and live in the central city were most often those least depended on central-city government services. (X)
→ depending
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