동사․문장형식․태
● There 구문의 수 일치와 도치
| ∙There, Here 구문은 주어가 대명사가 아닌 경우에 도치를 하며, 이 때 도치된 주어와 동사의 수 일치에 유의한다. |
￭ There (is, are) supposed to be a coffee machine somewhere around here.
￭ There (have, has) been a few misunderstandings over the terms of the contract.
￭ There seem to be something wrong with him. (○, ×)
● 해석에 유의해야 할 완전자동사
| ∙do(충분하다), work(통하다, 효과가 있다, 운영되다), pay(=pay off)(이롭다, 득이 되다), matter(=count)(중요하다), go(=run)(…이다, …라고 하다)의 의미를 이해하고, 이 뜻으로 쓰인 동사가 수동태로 표시되면 틀린다. |
It sometimes is paid to be humble in an interview. (○, ×)
We'll probably never learn who stole the books, but it won't (matter, be mattered) for the time being.
● 타동사의 수동태 의미전용
| ∙<물주주어 + sell, read, write, photograph, shrink, wash, drive + 양태부사> 구문에서 동사가 수동태로 표시되면 틀린다. |
Their new model car (is selling, is being sold) like hot cake.
The road sign is read as follows. (○, ×)
● 2형식 불완전자동사의 보어
| ∙변화(go, run, fall, come, grow, turn, make, become), 유지(remain, keep, stay, continue, hold, lie, rest, stand), 감각(feel, look, smell, taste, sound), 판단․판명(seem, appear, prove, turn out)의 보어는 형용사 또는 명사이며, 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. |
￭ She grew (impatient, impatiently) with his constant excuses for not doing his task.
￭ The boys were wearing leather jackets and doing their best to look (manly, strongly).
￭ He appears a little more nicely in that suit. (○, ×)
Your credit card (goes, comes, holds, looks) good until next year.
● 준보어(=유사보어)
| ∙1형식 문장에 추가되어 쓰이는 보어를 말한다. 2형식동사처럼 형용사와 명사를 보어로 취하며, 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. |
We came back home (angry, angrily) after fighting traffic for two hours.
He married pennilessly. (○, ×)
● 감각의 불완전자동사의 보어
| ∙feel, look, smell, taste, sound는 <형용사>, <like+명사>, <as if절>을 보어로 취한다. to be나 that절이 연결되면 틀린다. |
Hearing strange sounds outside, I felt (uneasily, uneasy, to be uneasy).
The girl is really pretty―she just looks (a model, to be a model, like a model).
It doesn't look (that, as if) we'll be able to afford a vacation this year.
That doesn't sound a very practical plan. (○, ×)
He felt like a fool. (○, ×)
● 전치사와 함께 쓰면 틀리는 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙reach(=get to, arrive at․in․on), approach, enter(속으로 들어가다), attend(참석하다), address, attack, greet, oppose(=object to) ∙discuss, mention, consider, answer, emphasize(=stress) ∙resemble, marry(=be married to), accompany(=be accompanied by․with), face(=be faced with․by), confront(=be confronted by․with) ∙await(=wait for), inhabit(=live in, reside in), leave(=start from, depart from) |
￭ Dark storm clouds were approaching to us from the west. (○, ×)
￭ We will (discuss, discuss about) the matter in more detail later.
￭ The government will not (answer, answer about) the criticism that it has done nothing about the homeless people.
￭ They have produced a cloth which (is resembling, resembles with, resembles, is resembled by) cotton closely.
The volunteers (are facing with, are faced with) many problems.
￭ "Thank you for your help." "Don't mention about it." (○, ×)
￭ They will leave from Seoul this weekend. (○, ×)
￭ She left for Japan unexpectedly last night. (○, ×)
Animals of many species inhabit in the tropics. (○, ×)
● 재귀대명사를 목적어로 취할 수 있는 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙convince oneself of․that(=be convinced of․that), concern oneself with․in․about(=be concerned with․in․about), accustom oneself to(=be accustomed to), acquaint oneself with(=be acquainted with), seat oneself at․on․down(=be seated at․on․down), dress oneself in(=be dressed in) cf) present oneself at(=be present at), absent oneself from(=be absent from), pride oneself on(=be proud of, take pride in) |
￭ She (was convincing, was convinced) that her brother was still alive.
￭ He (concerned about, concerned himself about) the pollution problem.
￭ I can't (accustom, accustom myself) to living in the United States.
￭ He (seated, seated himself, was seated, was seated himself, sat, was sat) down.
￭ She remained (seating, seated) until he woke up.
￭ We entered the room and took a sit. (○, ×)
● 금지․방해의 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙prevent, keep, stop, prohibit, inhibit, hinder, deter, restrain + O + from …ing ∙disable, discourage + O + from …ing cf) forbid, persuade, enable, encourage + O + to R |
￭ They prohibited shopkeepers (to sell, from selling) cigarettes to children.
￭ The hard wind kept us (to continue, from continuing) with the game.
￭ Tom wanted to join the army, but was dissuaded to do so. (○, ×)
￭ We were forbidden from entering the house. (○, ×)
● 통고․알림의 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙inform, remind, convince, assure, advise, warn, accuse + <O + of> 또는 <O + that절> 구문에서 of와 that이 함께 쓰이거나, of 뒤에 절(S+V)이 이어지면 틀린다. |
￭ He notified us of he would resign. (○, ×)
￭ They've informed me of that your application was rejected. (○, ×)
cf) They agreed to that the plan is too short of time. (×)
There is a good chance of that she will recover completely. (×)
Despite that he is young, he is very considerate. (×)
Because of he was ill, he could not finish the assignment. (×)
● 4형식 수여동사로 착각하기 쉬운 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙explain, introduce, suggest, propose, mention, say, announce, describe + <O + to sb> 또는 <to sb + O> 구문에서 사람(sb) 앞에 전치사 to가 빠지면 틀린다. |
￭ The chairman explained (us, to us) that the two sides meet again the following day.
He suggested (me an idea, to me an idea, an idea to me, an idea me)
￭ (He explained it to me., He explained to me it.)
I will introduce to you my wife and my kids. (○, ×)
She said me that she would stay there for more days. (○, ×)
￭ They explained me how to operate it. (○, ×)
● 그 밖의 주요 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙thank는 사람을 목적어로, appreciate는 감사의 내용을 목적어로 취한다. ∙rob은 사람을 목적어로, steal은 훔치는 물건을 목적어로 취한다. ∙suggest, demand, hope, say + O + to R (×) ∙borrow(빌려쓰다)는 3형식동사이고, lend(빌려주다)는 4형식동사이다. ∙say(…라고 말하다)는 3형식동사이고, tell(…에게 ～을 전하다)은 4형식동사이다. |
￭ He (thanked, appreciated) me for the advice.
I'll (thank, appreciate) it if you come to help us move out.
￭ The burglar (stole, robbed) the traveler of his money.
He was stolen of his money on the way home. (○, ×)
We (hope, want, suggest, like) you to stay for dinner.
They demanded me to tell everything. (○, ×)
Will you (borrow, lend) me some money? I'm asking if I can (borrow, lend) some money from you?
￭ He (said, told) me an interesting story and then (said, told) to me goodbye.
● 4형식을 3형식으로 전환할 때 간접목적어(IO) 앞에 쓰이는 전치사
| ∙give, show, allow, offer, hand, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, teach, tell, wish + DO + to IO ∙make, buy, do, find, choose, get, prepare, fix, cook + DO + for IO ∙ask, require, request, inquire, demand, beg + DO + of IO cf) play sb a trick = play a trick on sb |
They do not normally give discounts (for, to) private customers.
He bought a ring (to, for) her, and she made a cake (to, for) him in return.
￭ They asked immediate departure (to, of) us.
￭ I will do everything that is required (to, for, of) me.
● 4형식을 3형식으로 전환하지 않는 동사
| ∙take, cost, save, forgive, envy, spare는 간접목적어(IO)와 직접목적어(DO)의 순서를 바꿔 쓰지 않는 4형식 수여동사들이다. The trip took me an hour. (○) The trip took an hour to me. (×) It took an hour for me to make the trip. (○) |
The holiday package tour will cost (you lots of money, lots of money to you).
(I envy you your success., I envy your 녀ccess of you.)
● 5형식 불완전타동사의 목적보어 : 형용사․명사가 목적보어로 올 때
| ∙5형식 불완전타동사의 보어는 형용사 또는 명사이며, 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. ∙consider, take, regard, see, describe, treat, define + O + as 형․명 ∙think, consider, find, believe, guess, suppose, assume + O + (to be) 형․명 ∙think of, look upon, refer to + O + as 명․형 ∙take(=mistake) him for his brother, take sth for granted, give up the dog for lost |
￭ Their reaction made me (sad, sadly).
￭ I found it (difficult, difficultly) to get the agreement from them.
People (think, think of) learning a language as a natural process.
● 5형식 불완전타동사의 목적보어 : 동사가 목적보어로 올 때(O와 OC가 능동인 경우)
| ∙요청(ask, beg, request, require), 바램(want, need), 설득․강요(encourage, persuade, compel, drive, force, get, oblige, order, tell, urge), 허용․유도(allow, permit, cause, enable, entice, entitle, induce, lead), 기타(advise, promise, forbid) + O + to R ∙지각(see, watch, look at, feel, witness, observe, sense, notice) + O + R/…ing ∙사역(make, have, let) + O + R cf) help + O + (to) R ∙유지(keep, leave), 발견(find, discover, catch), 상상(imagine, remember) + O + …ing |
Lower rates of taxation encourage people (work, to work, working, worked) harder.
They are trying to force the government (appoint, appointing, appointed, to appoint) more women to senior positions.
￭ I used to love watching my sister (to draw, draw, drawn) pictures.
￭ I wanted to watch the film but my parents made me (to do, do, doing) my homework.
The earthquake (had, let, made) all the windows shake.
￭ They left us (wait, to wait, waiting, waited) outside.
￭ I'm really sorry to have kept you (wait, to wait, waiting, waited) so long.
￭ If they catch you (sell, to sell, selling) alcohol to a child, you'll lose your job.
● 5형식 불완전타동사의 목적보어 : 동사가 목적보어로 올 때(O와 OC가 수동인 경우)
| ∙모든 5형식동사 + O + pp ∙미래동사 + O + (to be) pp ∙let + O + be pp |
￭ He wanted the report (typing, to type, typed, to be typed) double-spaced.
￭ As the movie was full of fun, it made the audience (fascinate, to fascinate, fascinated).
￭ Please keep me (inform, informing, to inform, informed) while you are touring Europe.
￭ I will never let this humiliation (forget, to forget, forgotten, be forgotten).
● 3형식의 수동태 전환
| ∙자동사+전치사(laugh at, look at), 타동사+명사+전치사(take care of, pay attention to)의 수동태 전환시 전치사가 누락되면 틀린다. ∙They say that he is ill. = It is said that he is ill. = He is said to be ill. ∙They tell us that he is ill. = It is told to us that he is ill. = We are told that he is ill. |
He was very shy and couldn't stand (laughing, being laughed, being laughed at).
While his mother was away, the boy was taken care by us. (○, ×)
￭ (They say, They are said, It says, It is said) that the number 13 is unlucky.
● 4형식의 수동태 전환
| ∙직접목적어(DO)를 수동문의 주어로 쓰는 경우, 능동문에서 4형식을 3형식으로 전환할 때 간접목적어(IO) 앞에 쓰이는 전치사를 그대로 쓴다. |
That watch was bought (to, for) her by him.
￭ To attend the meeting in time, immediate departure was asked (to, for, of) us.
● 5형식의 수동태 전환
| ∙능동태에서의 목적보어(OC)가 그대로 수동태의 주격보어(SC)로 쓰인다. ∙지각동사나 사역동사의 원형부정사(R) 목적보어는 수동태에서는 to R로 나타낸다. |
I was asked (feed, feeding, to feed) the dog while they were abroad.
A lot of breakthroughs were witnessed (happen, to happen, happening) in the 1980s.
She was made marry a man she hardly knows. (○, ×)
● 수동태로 나타내지 못하는 경우
| ∙that절은 수동문의 주어가 될 수 없다. ∙간접목적어(IO) 앞에 to를 쓰는 동사 중 pass, hand, send, sell, write, read와 간접목적어 앞에 for를 쓰는 동사는 사람(=간접목적어)을 수동문의 주어로 쓰지 않는다. ∙make와는 달리 사역동사 have와 let은 수동태로 나타내지 않는다. ∙재귀대명사는 수동문의 주어가 될 수 없다. ∙소유동사인 have, possess, belong to와 상태동사인 resemble, lack, become(=suit, fit)과 같은 무의지 동사는 수동태로 나타내지 않는다. |
￭ That he is ill is said by them. (○, ×)
She was bought a watch by him. (○, ×) I was passed the salt by him. (○, ×)
Jimmy was had to promise never to discuss the subject again. (○, ×)
I was let (go, to go) by him.
Himself is enjoyed by him. (○, ×)
￭ (He lacks confidence., Confidence is lacked by him).
￭ Its father is resembled by the kid. (○, ×)
● 수동태로 표현하면 틀리는 주의 자동사
| ∙disappear, vanish, expire, emerge from, occur to, last, consist of․in․with, resign from, retire from, result from․in, belong to, apologize to, object to, contribute to, experiment on․with, remain, appear, seem 등의 자동사는 수동태(be pp)로 나타내지 못하며, 또한 전치사 없이 명사에 연결시킬 수 없다. |
￭ She (retired, was retired) six months before her contract (expired, was expired).
￭ The release of the two hostages (resulted from, was resulted from) the secret talks with the kidnappers.
￭ The United Nations (consists of, is consisted of) more than 200 individual nations.
￭ All my worries have been completely disappeared. (○, ×)
● 유사형태의 자동사․타동사의 구분
| ∙lielaylain / riseroserisen / arisearosearisen / sitsatsat ∙laylaidlaid / raiseraisedraised / arousearousedaroused / seatseatedseated |
￭ I didn't feel well so I laid down on the bed and rested for some while. (○, ×)
￭ She lay great emphasis on the point. (○, ×)
￭ The retirement age has been (risen, raised) to 65 for both men and women.
￭ His resignation is certain to (arise, arouse) new fears about the company's future
￭ We should deal with the problems as they (lie, lay, rise, raise, arise, arouse).
부정사․동명사․분사
● 준동사의 명사적 용법 : 일반 주의사항
| ∙명사적 용법에서 의문사와 결합하는 것은 동명사가 아닌 to R의 고유 역할이다. ∙명사적 용법에서 전치사의 목적어 역할을 하는 동명사의 고유 역할이지만, 전치사 뒤에 (to) R가 결합되는 구문에 유의한다. ∙look forward to …ing, get used(accustomed) to …ing, What do you say to …ing, When it comes to …ing, with a view to …ing, lead to …ing, come near (to) …ing, be addicted to …ing, devote oneself to …ing, object to …ing, see to …ing, take to …ing, a solution(secret, key, answer, approach) to …ing 등의 <to + …ing> 구문을 <to + R> 구문과 혼동하지 않도록 유의한다. |
Could you explain to me (how filling in, how to fill in) this tax form.
￭ He does nothing but (complain, to complain) about his work.
cf) do nothing but + R = do no other than + R
￭ As there was no hot water for coffee, he could not but (boil, to boil) the water.
cf) cannot (choose) but + R = have no other choice(=alternative) but + to R = cannot help(=avoid) …ing
He knows better than (buy, to buy) such an expensive house.
￭ We bought the house with a view to (settle, settling) down there after retirement.
￭ I look forward to meeting you at your earliest convenience. (○, ×)
The new regulations will lead to (improve, improving) our water supply.
cf) It was my interest in gardens that led me to study biology.
● 준동사의 명사적 용법 : 타동사의 목적어로 쓰이는 준동사
| ∙바램(want, expect, hope, wish, care, desire, long), 계획․결심(plan, design, prepare, decide, determine, resolve, choose, arrange), 약속․동의(promise, swear, agree, assent, consent), 기타(afford, tend, pretend, refuse, threaten, seek, struggle, strive, dare) + to R ∙완료(finish, quit, abandon), 연기․회피(delay, postpone, avoid, escape, miss, resist), 시인․부인(admit, deny), 숙고․회상․후회(consider, recollect, repent), 선호(enjoy, mind), 기타(resent, suggest, anticipate, stand, risk, practice) + …ing ∙begin, start, continue, cease, attempt, intend, like, love, hate, prefer + to R/…ing ∙remember, forget, regret, recall + to R(미래)/…ing(과거) ∙mean, stop, try + to R(…을 의도하다, …하기 위해 멈추다, …하려 하다)/…ing |
I've agreed (teaching, to teach) Sarah to drive this weekend.
￭ The government will delay (making, to make) any announcement temporarily.
They continued (to quarrel, quarreling) over who was right.
I intend trying windsurfing when summer comes. (○, ×)
￭ I forgot (to talk, talking) to her before, but I remember (to meet, meeting) her tonight.
￭ Missing the bus means (to wait, waiting) for another hour; so I mean (to leave, leaving) right now.
● 준동사의 형용사적 용법 : to부정사의 형용사적 용법
| ∙someone to depend on, a house to live in, nothing to be afraid of, a pen to write with, a company to invest in 등의 to부정사의 후치 수식용법에서 전치사가 누락되면 틀린다. ∙‘…하기로 되어있다(예정, 의무, 가능, 의도, 운명)’를 뜻하는 <be + to R> 구문에서는 to R의 태가 능동인지 수동인지를 파악한다. ∙seem(appear), prove(turn out), grow(get, come), manage(fail), happen(chance) + to R ∙the only, the next, the first, the tallest + N + to R |
In New York, $20,000 a year is scarcely enough money to (live, live in, live on).
He has no place to live and no one to rely. (×)
￭ If you are to bring your car into the city, you (are to pay, are to be paid) extra money. And besides your seatbelt (is to fasten, is to be fastened) without fail.
￭ No proper man is to be found among them. (○, ×)
She managed fighting off her attacker. (○, ×)
They failed to provide solid security for us. (○, ×)
He was one of the first people (to apply, applying) math to practical problems.
He is the last man telling a lie. (○, ×)
● 준동사의 형용사적 용법 : 분사의 형용사적 용법
| ∙타동사의 현재분사(interesting, boring)는 <능동사실>을, 타동사의 과거분사(interested, bored)는 <수동사실>을, 자동사의 현재분사(living, growing, remaining)는 <진행 또는 상태>를, 변이자동사의 과거분사(fallen, retired, grown)는 <결과적 상태>를 나타낸다. ∙concerning(=regarding), according to(=depending on), excepting, including, coupled with(=accompanied by․with) 등의 분사형 전치사의 형태에 유의한다. ∙명사+분사(time-consuming, thought-provoking, mouth-watering, self-made), 부사+분사(long-cherished, long-standing, hard-working, half-baked), 분사+전치사(waited-for, sought-after, unlooked-for), 형용사+명사(=의사분사)(blue-eyed, kind-hearted, strong- willed, thirteen-storied) 등의 복합형 분사의 형태에 유의한다. |
￭ I've never felt so (humiliating, humiliated) in my whole life.
￭ I longed to go home for I had had a very (tiring, tired) day. And when I finally got home (exhausting, exhausted), I turned in straight away.
￭ He wrote me a (touching, touched) letter of thanks. And the letter is (missing, missed) now.
￭ The conditions of the buildings in which the (scaring, scared) hostages were confined were (terrifying, terrified).
￭ We have noticed (growing, grown) support for the poor (want, wanted, wanting) more food.
￭ Oxidation (occurs, is occurred, occurred, occurring) the most in clouds and especially in heavily (polluted, polluting) air can be fatal.
￭ All the equipment (uses, used, is used, using) for keeping fit these days seems pretty complicated.
￭ The Prince, (accompanying, accompanied) by the Princess, spoke to many of the disaster victims in the hospital.
￭ The total cost comes to $250, tax including. (○, ×)
Vegetarian cooking isn't any more complicated or (time-consuming, time-consumed) than other kinds of food.
The (student-leading, student-led) protests had brought the country to a standstill.
● 준동사의 부사적 용법
| ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치한 문두 to부정사구는 <목적(…하기 위해서, …하려면)>을 나타낸다. ∙Sobbing bitterly, she returned home.(동시 상황), Getting up early, he went jogging.(선 상황), She began writing a letter at 5, finishing it at 6.(후 상황), They kept me standing outside, making me angry.(후 상황), A wise boy, Bill always helps the needy.(단순 설명) 등의 부대상황 분사구문을 이해한다. ∙<with․without + 명사 + …ing/…ed>의 with 부대상황 구문을 이해한다. |
(Seeing, To see) his parents off, he went to the airport just ago.
The greenhouse effect may cause polar ice to melt, (make, made, making) the seas to rise. It may also change the world's climates, (cause, to cause, caused, causing, and causing) major changes in farming patterns.
(To be an eminent biologist, An eminent biologist), John Fagon called for greater caution against genetically modified foods.
￭ He always does his homework with the TV (turning, turns, is turned, turned) on.
￭ With night (draws, is drawing, drawn, drawing) near, they left the shop empty.
● 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 의미상 주어
| ∙to부정사의 별도의 의미상 주어는 to R 바로 앞에 <for + 목적격>으로 표시한다. 그러나 사람의 성질․성격에 대한 칭찬 및 비난을 나타내는 인성형용사(kind, thoughtful, considerate, generous, nice, clever, foolish, stupid, rude, cruel) 구문에서는 to R 바로 앞에 <of + 목적격>으로 표시한다. ∙동명사의 별도의 의미상 주어는 …ing 앞에 <대명사는 소유격>으로 표시한다. ∙분사구문의 별도의 의미상 주어는 분사구문의 …ing 앞에 원래의 주어를 그대로 살려둔다(=독립분사구문). cf) There being nothing to do, we went to the place on foot. |
Harry attempted a couple of jokes (to, for) the guests to relieve the tension.
￭ It was stupid (for her, of her) to trust him.
How thoughtful for you to remember my birthday! (○, ×)
￭ We really appreciate (you, your) giving us so much of your time.
There is a good chance of (him, his, Tom's, Tom) coming.
Other things (are equal, being equal, equal), I'll apply for this company.
It fine, we went out for a drive. (○, ×)
● 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 태
| ∙먼저 해당 준동사의 <의미상 주어>를 파악한 후, 그 의미상 주어와 준동사의 태 관계를 따져본다. 특히 분사구문에서의 태 관계에 유의한다. |
The food was so cold that he required it (to take away, to be taken away).
She resents (blaming, being blamed) for something she didn't do.
￭ (Taking, Taken) everyday, this medicine will work right away.
￭ (Comparing, Compared) with his novel itself, he remained relatively unknown.
￭ (Considering, Considered) one of the most advanced civilizations, the Mayans are credited with architectural development.
● 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 시제
| ∙단순시제와 완료시제의 개념을 이해한다. 특히 분사구문에서의 완료시제에 유의한다. |
He is said to have been killed in the war.
I hoped to have met you. = I had hoped to meet you. = I was to have met you. = I hoped to meet you but I couldn't.
cf) I had hoped to have met you. (×)
He admits (giving, having given) the false information.
We thank you for (doing, having done) your best at the conference.
￭ (Failing, Having failed) once, he wants to try no more.
￭ (Teaching, Having taught, Learning, Taught) English since his childhood, he is a good speaker of English.
￭ (Not meeting, Not having met, Having not met) him before, I don't know him well.
● 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 부정
| ∙준동사의 부정은 최초의 약속형태인 to R, V…ing, …ing의 바로 앞에서 한다. |
￭ He advised me to not believe her words. (○, ×)
￭ She seems (to have not noticed, not to have noticed) me at a glance.
We are used to not having a car. (○, ×)
￭ (Having not heard, Not having heard) from her for a long time, I miss her bad.
With the light not turned on, she wrote a letter. (○, ×)
● 문두 준동사구의 이해 : 준동사구, S + V
| ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치하는 문두 to부정사구는 <목적>의 의미를 나타낸다. ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치한 문두 동명사구는 <전치사 + …ing>의 형태를 취한다. By …ing, On …ing, In …ing, Besides …ing, Instead of …ing, Far from …ing ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치한 문두 분사구문은 시간, 조건, 이유, 양보, 부대상황을 나타낸다. |
To lower production costs, (the number of the employees was cut, they cut the number of the employees) to a minimum.
￭ Having been deceived by him before, (she doesn't believe him, he is untrustworthy).
(Understanding, Having understood, Understood, To understand, To have understood) how film reacts to light, you'll have to study the chemicals in the film.
(Making, You to make, For you to make, By your making) a simple telephone call, a cheque can be stopped.
￭ (To use, To be used, Using, Used) economically, this fuel can last at least two weeks.
● 의미상 주어의 불일치가 허용되는 준동사 구문
| ∙부정사 구문 : to be honest(to speak roughly), The novel is easy to read(=to be read)., There is nothing to do(=to be done)., Who is to blame(=to be blamed)?, This is a house to let(=to be let). ∙동명사 구문 : want, need, require, deserve + …ing/to be pp, be worth + …ing ∙무인칭 독립분사구문 : 판단(considering all things, taking all things into consideration, given all things, seeing all things, judging from all things), 양보(admitting, Admitted, Granting, Granted, Allowing), 의견(Strictly speaking, Speaking of politics), 조건․가정(providing, provided, supposing, suppose) |
She herself is (to blame, to be blamed) for the breakup of their marriage.
Bobby deserves (to praise, to be praised) for his modesty.
￭ As many models as possible are worth (comparing, being compared) before deciding which one to buy.
￭ (Considering all things, Considered all things, All things considering, All things considered), we made the right decision.
￭ Man, (biologically considering, biologically considered), is the feeblest of all things.
잡스9급 PDF 교재
✽ 책 구매 없이 PDF 제공 가능
✽ adipoman@gmail.com 문의
✽ 유튜브 강의