시, 영시, Poem, English poetry

Ode to the West Wind, Percy Bysshe Shelley, 서풍에 바치는 송가, 퍼시 비시 셸리

Jobs9 2024. 10. 29. 17:48
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Ode to the West Wind

Percy Bysshe Shelley

I
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,

Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,
Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,
Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed

The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,
Each like a corpse within its grave, until
Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow

Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill
(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)
With living hues and odours plain and hill:

Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;
Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh hear!

II
Thou on whose stream, mid the steep sky's commotion,
Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed,
Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,

Angels of rain and lightning: there are spread
On the blue surface of thine aëry surge,
Like the bright hair uplifted from the head

Of some fierce Maenad, even from the dim verge
Of the horizon to the zenith's height,
The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge

Of the dying year, to which this closing night
Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre,
Vaulted with all thy congregated might

Of vapours, from whose solid atmosphere
Black rain, and fire, and hail will burst: oh hear!

III
Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams
The blue Mediterranean, where he lay,
Lull'd by the coil of his crystalline streams,

Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,
And saw in sleep old palaces and towers
Quivering within the wave's intenser day,

All overgrown with azure moss and flowers
So sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou
For whose path the Atlantic's level powers

Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below
The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear
The sapless foliage of the ocean, know

Thy voice, and suddenly grow gray with fear,
And tremble and despoil themselves: oh hear!

IV
If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;
If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee;
A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share

The impulse of thy strength, only less free
Than thou, O uncontrollable! If even
I were as in my boyhood, and could be

The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven,
As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed
Scarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have striven

As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.
Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!

A heavy weight of hours has chain'd and bow'd
One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.

V
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies

Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!

Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like wither'd leaves to quicken a new birth!
And, by the incantation of this verse,

Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawaken'd earth

The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?




“Ode to the West Wind” is a poem written by the English Romantic poet, Percy Bysshe Shelley. According to Shelley, the poem was written in the woods outside Florence, Italy in the autumn of 1819. In the poem, the speaker directly addresses the west wind. The speaker treats the west wind as a force of death and decay, and welcomes this death and decay because it means that rejuvenation and rebirth will come soon. In the final two sections of the poem, the speaker suggests that he wants to help promote this rebirth through his own poetry—and that rejuvenation he hopes to see is both political and poetic: a rebirth of society and its ways of writing.




Summary
1.
You, the unruly west wind, are the essence of the Fall. You are invisible, but you scatter the fallen leaves: they look like ghosts running away from a witch or wizard. The leaves are yellow and black, white and wild red. They look like crowds of sick people. You carry the seeds, as if you're their chariot, down to the earth where they'll sleep all winter. They lie there, cold and humble, like dead bodies in their graves, until your blue sister, the Spring wind, blows her trumpet and wakes up the earth. Then she brings out the buds. They are like flocks of sheep; they feed in the open air. And she fills the meadows and the hills with sweet smells and beautiful colors. Unruly west wind, moving everywhere: you are both an exterminator and a savior. Please listen to me! 

2.
In the high and whirling reaches of the sky, you send the clouds twirling: they look like dead leaves, shaken loose from the branches of the heavens and the sea. They are like angels, full of rain and lightning. Or they are scattered across the blue sky, like the blond hair of a wildly dancing girl who is a follower of Dionysus. The clouds stretch from the horizon to the top of the sky like the hair of the coming storm. West wind, you sad song of the end of the year. The night sky will be like the dome of a vast tomb, the clouds you gathered like archways running across it. And from the solid top of that tomb, dark rain, lightning, and hail will fall down. Listen to me! 

3.
You woke the Mediterranean from its summer dreams. That blue sea, which lay wrapped in its crystal-clear currents, was snoozing near an island made of volcanic rock in the Bay of Baiae, near Naples. In the waters of the bay you saw the ruins of old palaces and towers, now submerged in the water's thicker form of daylight. These ruins were overgrown with sea plants that looked like blue moss and flowers. They are so beautiful that I faint when I think of them. You—whose path turns the smooth surface of the Atlantic Ocean into tall waves, while deep below the surface sea-flowers and forests of seaweed, which have leaves with no sap, hear your voice and turn gray from fear, trembling, losing their flowers and leaves—listen to me, wind! 

4.
If only I was a dead leaf, you might carry me. You might let me fly with you if I was a cloud. Or if I was a wave that you drive forward, I would share your strength—though I’d be less free than you, since no one can control you. If only I could be the way I was when I was a child, when I was your friend, wandering with you across the sky—then it didn’t seem crazy to imagine that I could be as fast as you are—then I wouldn’t have called out to you, prayed to you, in desperation. Please lift me up like a wave, a leaf, or a cloud! I am falling into life’s sharp thorns and bleeding! Time has put me in shackles and diminished my pride, though I was once as proud, fast, and unruly as you.  

5.
Make me into your musical instrument, just as the forest is when you blow through it. So what if my leaves are falling like the forest’s leaves. The ruckus of your powerful music will bring a deep, autumn music out of both me and the forest. It will be beautiful even though it’s sad. Unruly soul, you should become my soul. You should become me, you unpredictable creature. Scatter my dead thoughts across the universe like fallen leaves to inspire something new and exciting. Let this poem be a prayer that scatters ashes and sparks—as though from a fire that someone forgot to put out—throughout the human race. Speak through me, and in that way, turn my words into a prediction of the future. O wind, if winter is on its way, isn’t Spring going to follow it soon?  

 

Themes

Death and Rebirth
Throughout “Ode to the West Wind,” the speaker describes the West Wind as a powerful and destructive force: it drives away the summer and brings instead winter storms, chaos, and even death. Yet the speaker celebrates the West Wind and welcomes the destruction that it causes because it leads to renewal and rebirth. 

The West Wind is not peaceful or pleasant. It is, the speaker notes, “the breath of Autumn’s being.” Autumn is a transitional season, when summer’s abundance begins to fade. So too, everywhere the speaker looks the West Wind drives away peace and abundance. The West Wind strips the leaves from the trees, whips up the sky, and causes huge storms on the ocean. And, in the first section of the poem, the speaker compares the dead leaves the West Wind blows to “ghosts” and “pestilence-stricken multitudes.” The West Wind turns the fall colors into something scary, associated with sickness and death. 

Similarly, the clouds in the poem’s second section look like the “bright hair uplifted from the head / of some fierce Mænad.” In Greek mythology, the Mænads were the female followers of Dionysus (the god of Wine). They were famous for their wild parties and their dancing, and are often portrayed with their hair askew. The West Wind thus makes the clouds wild and drunk. It creates chaos. Unlike its “sister of the Spring”—which spreads sweet smells and beautiful flowers—the speaker associates the West Wind with chaos and death. 

Yet despite the destructive power of the West Wind the speaker celebrates it—because such destruction is necessary for rebirth. As the speaker notes at the end of the poem’s first section, the West Wind is both a “destroyer” and “preserver.” These are the traditional names of two Hindu gods, Shiva and Vishnu. Vishnu’s role is to preserve the world; Shiva is supposed to destroy it. The West Wind combines these two opposite figures. As the speaker announces in the final lines—"O Wind, / If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"—the West Wind is able to merge these opposites because death is required for life, and winter for Spring. In order to have the beautiful renewal and rebirth that Spring promises, one needs the powerful, destructive force of the West Wind. 


Poetry and Rebirth
Throughout "Ode to the West Wind," the speaker praises and celebrates the West Wind’s power—it is destructive, chaotic—and yet such destruction is necessary for rebirth and renewal. Indeed, the speaker so admires the wind that he wants to take, adopt, or absorb the West Wind’s power’s into his poetry. 

The speaker describes himself as a diminished person: he is “chained and bowed.” Far from condemning the destructive power of the wind, the speaker hopes the West Wind will revive him. At different points in the poem, the speaker has different ideas about what this might look like. Most simply, the wind simply becomes the speaker, or becomes part of him. “Be thou me,” the speaker tells the wind. 

But the speaker also proposes more complicated interactions between himself and the wind. At one point, he asks the Wind, to “make me thy lyre, even as the forest is.” In other words he wants to be a musical instrument, specifically the lyre, the musical instrument that poets traditionally play while they perform their poems. In this scheme, the speaker helps the wind—he’s like a musical accompaniment to it. The speaker doesn’t take an active role, the wind does. (These roles are reinforced later when the speaker imagines the Wind “driv[ing] my dead thoughts over the universe”—it certainly seems that the Wind is doing the real work). 

The speaker wants to be (or to help) the West Wind because he wants to create something new, to clear away the old and the dead. Under the West Wind’s influence, his or her “dead thoughts” will “quicken a new birth”—they will create something living and new. The speaker doesn’t say exactly what new thing he hopes to create. It might be a new kind of poetry. Or it might be a new society. (Indeed, many readers have interpreted the poem as a call for political change). Either way, for the speaker, that newness can’t be achieved through compromise with the old and dead; it can emerge only through the cleansing destruction that the West Wind brings. 






서풍(West Wind)에 바치는 송가

1
오 거센 서풍, 너 가을의 숨결이여!
너의 눈에 보이지 않는 존재로부터 죽은 잎사귀들은
마치 마법사에게서 도망치는 유령처럼 쫓겨다니누나,

누렇고, 검고, 창백하며, 열병에 걸린 듯 빨간
역병에 걸린 무리들. 날개 달린 씨앗을
검은 겨울의 잠자리로 전차로 몰아가서,

봄의 하늘색 동생이 꿈꾸는 대지 위에
나팔을 불어 (향기로운 봉오리를 몰아
양떼처럼 대기속에 방복하며,)

산과 들을 신선한 색깔과 향기로
가득히 채울 때까지, 무덤 속의 송장들처럼
차가운 곳에 누워있게 하는 오 너 서풍.

거센 정신이여, 너는 어디서나 움직이누나.
파괴자인 동시 보존자여, 들으라, 오 들어라!

2
네가 흘러가면, 가파른 하늘의 동요 가운데
헐거운 구름들은 하늘과 대양의 얽힌 가지로부터
흔들려, 대지의 잎사귀처럼 흩어지누나,

비와 번개의 사자들, 네 대기의
물결의 파란 표면엔
어느 맹렬한 미내드의 머리로부터 위로 나부끼는

빛나는 머리칼처럼, 지평선의 희미한
가장자리로부터 천정높이까지
다가오는 폭풍우의 머리칼이 흩어져 있다. 너

죽어가는 해의 만가여, 어둠에 싸인 이 밤은,
네가 집결시킨 증기의 모든 힘으로 천정을 이룬
거대한 묘지의 지붕이 될 것이며

그 짙은 대기로부터
검은 비와 불과 우박이 터져나오리라, 오 들으라!

3
바이아에 만에 있는 경석 섬 옆에서
수정 같은 조류의 사리에 흔들리며 잠이 들어,
그려보기만 해도 감각이 기절한 만치

아름다운, 온통 하늘색 이끼와 꽃들로 덮인
옛 궁전과 탑들이
파도의 더욱 반짝이는 햇빛 속에 떨고 있을 것을

꿈속에서 본 푸른 지중해를
그의 여름 꿈에서 깨운 너! 너의
진로를 위해 대서양의 잔잔한 세력들은

스스로를 분열시키며, 한편 훨씬 밑에선
바다 꽃들과 대양의 즙이 없는 이파리를 가진
습기찬 숲이 네 목소리를 알고,

별안간 겁에 질려 백발이 되어
온 몸을 떨며 잎을 떨어뜨린다. 오, 들으라!

4
만일 내가 네가 몰아갈 수 있는 하나의 낙엽이라면,
만일 내가 너와 함께 날을 수 있는 한 점의 빠른 구름이라면,
네 힘 밑에 헐떡이며, 네 힘의 충동을 같이할 수 있고

다만, 오 통제할 수 없는 자여, 너보다 덜
자유로운 한 파도라면, 만일 내가
내 소년 시절 때 같다면, 그래서 너의 하늘을 나는 속도를
능가하는 것이 거의 공상이 아니었던 그때처럼
하늘의 네 방랑의 친구가 될 수 있다면,
나는 결코 이와 같이 심한 괴로움 속에서 기도를 하며

너와 겨루지 않았으리라.
오 나를 일으켜 다오, 파도처럼, 잎새처럼, 구름처럼!
나는 인생의 가시 위에 쓰러져 피를 흘리노라!

세월의 무거운 압박이 사슬로 묶고 굴복하게 했다,
길들일 수 없는, 날쌔고 자존심 강한, 너와 같았던 나를.

5
나를 너의 수금으로 삼아다오, 바로 저 숲처럼.
내 잎새들이 숲의 잎새처럼 떨어진들 어떠리!
너의 억센 조화의 동란은

나와 저 숲으로부터 슬프지만 감미로운
깊은 가을의 가락을 얻으리. 거센 정신이여, 너는
나의 정신이 되라! 맹렬한 자여! 너는 내가 되라,

내 죽은 사상을 온 우주에 뿌려 다오,
새로운 출생을 재촉하는 시든 잎사귀처럼!
그리고 이 시의 주문으로
흐트려 다오, 꺼지지 않은 화로의
재와 불꽃처럼, 인류 사이에 나의 말을!
내 입술을 통해 잠 깨지 않은 대지에

예언의 나팔이 되어 다오! 오 바람이여,
겨울이 오면 봄이 멀 수 있으랴?




퍼시 비시 셸리의 이 시는 서풍(West Wind)에 바치는 송가(ode)이다. 송가는 찬양 또는 축하하는 노래를 말한다.

이 시는 셸리의 대표적인 시이며 유명하다. 무엇보다도 아래 마지막 행으로 잘 알려져 있다. 

'​겨울이 오면, 어찌 봄이 멀다고 하겠는가?'
(If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?)

1819년 쓰인 이 시는 셸리의 자유주의에 대한 신념을 담고 있다. 

서풍은 그의 개혁과 혁명을 전파하는 전령, 메신저의 역할을 하는 것으로 비유되었다. 시에서 셸리는 변화와 혁명을 예언하는 시인-예언가이다. 

이 시는 1819년 일어난 '피털루 대학살' (Peterloo Massacre)과도 연관이 있다. 

피털루 대학살은 '세인트 피터 평원' 에서 6만 명이 모인 평화적 정치 집회를 기병대가 돌진해 과도한 폭력으로 진압한 사건이다. 

비슷한 시기에 쓰인  '무질서의 가면극' (The masque of Anarchy), '1819년의 영국' (England in 1819),  '사슬에서 풀린 프로메테우스' (Prometheus unbound) 등의 시에서도 셸리는 같은 주제인 정치 개혁, 혁명, 시인의 역할을 다루고 있다.




퍼시 비시 셸리
Shelley Percy Bysshe (1792-1822)

 
Shelley Percy Bysshe는 영국의 낭만파(浪漫派) 시인(詩人)들 중
가장 이상주의적(理想主義的)인 비전을 섬세(纖細)한 정감(情感)으로 노래한 전형적(典型的)인
서정시인(抒情詩人)으로 바이런(Lord Byron) 키이츠(John Keats)와 더불어
낭만주의(浪漫主義) 시대(時代) 3대 시인(詩人)으로 불린다.

그의 시는 압제(壓制)와 인습(因習)에 대한 반항(反抗)과
이상주의적(理想主義的)인 사랑과 자유(自由)의 동경(憧憬)으로 일관(一貫)한다.

잉글랜드 Field Place의 귀족(貴族)의 아들로 Eton College에서 University of Oxford 로
진학(進學)했고 1811년 재학 도중 급진적(急進的) 사상(思想)을 내용(內容)으로 한
<무신론의 필연성The Necessity of Atheism>이란
소책자(小冊子)를 발행(發行)하여 배포(配布)한 이유로 퇴학처분(退學處分)을 받았다.

<매브 여왕 Queen Mab>(1813)을 발표(發表)할 무렵 고드윈(Godwin)의 딸
메리(Mary Godwin)와의 불륜(不倫)으로 1811년에 결혼한 18세의 어린 부인 해리엇 웨스트브룩
(Harriet Westbrook)은 이를 비관(悲觀)하여 호수(湖水)에 빠져 자살(自殺)했다.

그 해에 Shelley는 Mary Godwin과 결혼(結婚)했고 스위스를 여행(旅行)하며
바이런(Lord Byron)과 교우관계(交友關係)를 맺게 되었다.
이 시기에 Shelley는 <고독한 영혼 Alastor>(1816)과 정치적(政治的)인
​<이슬람의 반란 The Revolt of Islam>(1818)을 썼고 Platon의 <향연饗宴>을 번역(飜譯)했다.

혁명적(革命的)이며 합리주의(合理主義) 철학자(哲學者) William Godwin의
<Political Justice>은 Shelley의 사상에 많은 영향(影響)을 끼쳤고,
이 저서(著書)에서 Godwin은 편견(偏見)과 이기심(利己心)이 가득한 사회제도(社會制度)로 인해
인간(人間)은 완전(完全)하게 될 요소(要素)를 가지고 있음에도
자유를 박탈(剝奪) 당하기 때문에 모든 억압(抑壓)과 싸울 권리(權利)를 주장했다.

Godwin의 사상은 혁명적(革命的)이며 무신론자(無神論者)로
종교(宗敎)와 사회제도(社會制度)에 반항(反抗)하던 낭만주의(浪漫主義) 시인(詩人) 중 가장
격렬(激烈)한 이단자(heretic)였던 Shelley의 사상(思想)을 사로잡았으며
utopia적 미래의 Vision으로 그의 시(詩)에서 인간의 권리(權利)를 주장(主張)하는
자유사상(自由思想)의 추구(追究)로 승화(昇華)되었다.

Shelley의 시(詩) 소재(素材)는 지상의 사물(事物)보다 형상(形象)이 없는
하늘, 구름, 바람과 같은 것이었고, 사회제도(社會制度)나 풍경(風景), 인간성(人間性)과 같은
추상적(抽象的)이며, 현실세계(現實世界)보다 이상향(理想鄕)의 세계와
상상(想像)의 세계(世界), 정신적(精神的) 세계(世界)에 시상(詩想)을 펼친다.

그는 후기에 급진적(急進的)인 낙관론(樂觀論)보다 도덕성(道德性)의
개혁(改革)이 필요(必要)함을 알았으나 이상주의적(理想主義的)인 사고(思考)를 견지(堅持)했으며
시(詩)는 지나친 비 순응성(非 順應性)이나 지적(知的) 정서적(情緖的)으로
미성숙(未成熟)하다는 악평(惡評)도 많아 당대(當代)에 인정(認定)받지 못했다.

그의 시(詩)는 복합적(複合的)이고 응집력(凝集力)있는 상징구조(象徵構造)로 인식(認識)되며,
Robert Browning, William Yeats, Bernard Shaw 등에게 존경(尊敬)을 받았고
해체론(Deconstruction)에 근거한 수정주의(修正主義) 비평가(批評家)들의 연구 대상이 되었다.

William Wordsworth를 풍자(諷刺)한 시(詩)인 <피터 벨 3세Peter Bell The Third>(1819),
16세기 로마의 근친상간(近親相姦)과 살인사건(殺人事件)을 소재(素材)로 한 시극(詩劇)
<첸치 일가The Cenci>(1819)와
<사슬 풀린 프로메테우스 Prometheus Unbound>(1820)를 발표했다.

이 해에 Shelley 부부는 이탈리아의 피사에 정착(定着)했고 <종달새에 부쳐 To a Skylark>와
<오지만디어스 Ozimandias>, 서정시<서풍의 노래 Ode to theWest Wind>(1820)를 발표했다.
그 후 1821년 이상적(理想的)인 사랑을 노래한 <에피사이키디온Epipsychidion(1821)>과
그리스 독립전쟁(獨立戰爭)을 묘사(描寫)한 <헬라스 Hellas>,
키츠의 죽음을 슬퍼하는 애가(哀歌) <애도네이스 Adonais>를 발표하고,
정치적 수필 <철학적 개혁관 A Philosophical View of Reform>
<미모사 The Sensitive Plant><자유송 Ode to Liberty><폭군 오이디푸스Oedipus Tyrannus>
시론(詩論)으로 유명한 시인(詩人)의 예언자적(豫言者的) 사명(使命)을
선언(宣言)한 <시의 옹호擁護>(1821)등을 썼다.

1822년 7월 <생의 勝利>를 미완성(未完成)으로 남긴 채 Italy에서 자신의 요트 돈주안 호를 타고
돌아오던 중 돌풍을 만나 배가 가라앉아 30세의 젊은 나이로 익사(溺死)했다.

 

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