화학의 분과
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물리화학
분석화학 |
광화학 · 계산화학 · 분광학 · 양자화학 · 이론화학 · 열화학 · 전기화학 · 표면과학 · 핵화학 · 물리유기화학 · 생물물리화학 · 재료과학 · 고체물리학 · 응집물질물리학 · 습식화학
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분자화학
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유기화학(생유기화학 · 약학 · 의약화학) · 무기화학(고체화학 · 뭉치화학 · 생무기화학 · 유기금속화학) · 고분자화학 · 초분자화학(나노화학) · 클릭 화학
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응용화학
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생화학(분자생물학 · 화학생물학 · 신경화학 · 농화학) · 지구화학(녹색화학 · 생물지구화학 · 광지구화학 · 점토화학) · 환경화학(대기화학 · 해양화학) · 탄소화학 · 우주화학(천체화학 · 항성화학) · 식품화학 · 화학교육학 · 화학공학 · 재료공학
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화학의 전통적인 분류 방식은 물리화학, 유기화학, 무기화학, 분석화학의 네 분야로 나누는 것이지만, 20세기 후반에 들어와 각 세부 분야의 학제간 연구와 응용이 넓어짐에 따라 경계가 많이 사라졌다. 21세기 들어서는 화학회에 의해 다양한 방식으로 분류한다.
5년마다 환태평양 국가의 화학회들이 공동 주관하는 학술대회인 Pacifichem에 따르면, 위의 네 분야에 고분자화학을 넣어서 다섯 분야의 핵심영역(Core area), 그리고 농업/환경/지구화학, 생(명)화학, 재료/나노화학 등의 학제간 영역(Multidisciplinary area) 으로 분류한다.
2020년 개최된 Pacifichem에서는 Core area가 8개 분야로 늘어났고, 학제간 영역 대신 세계적 문제를 위한 화학(Chemistry For Global Challenges)이라는 분류가 신설되었다. 이 분류에 따르면 Core area에 속하는 8개 분야는 분석(Analytical), 무기(Inorganic), 유기(Organic), 물리(Physical), 계산 & 이론(Computational & Theoretical), 고분자(Macromolecular), 생화학(Biological), 재료(Materials)이다.
Branches of chemistry
Physical chemistry – study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. In particular, the energetics and dynamics of such systems and processes are of interest to physical chemists. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, electrochemistry, statistical mechanics, spectroscopy, and more recently, astrochemistry. [3] Physical chemistry has large overlap with molecular physics. Physical chemistry involves the use of infinitesimal calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics, but again, there is very strong overlap.
Chemical kinetics – study of rates of chemical processes.
Chemical physics – investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes.
Electrochemistry – branch of chemistry that studies chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (the electrode: a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution.
Femtochemistry – area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales, approximately 10−15 seconds (one femtosecond).
Geochemistry – chemical study of the mechanisms behind major systems studied in geology.
Photochemistry – study of chemical reactions that proceed with the absorption of light by atoms or molecules.
Quantum chemistry – branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems.
Solid-state chemistry – study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid p hase materials, particularly, but not necessarily exclusively of, non-molecular solids.
Spectroscopy – study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy.
Stereochemistry – study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules
Surface science – study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid-gas interfaces.
Thermochemistry –The branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated.
Calorimetry – The study of heat changes in physical and chemical processes.
Organic chemistry (outline) – study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. An organic compound is defined as any compound based on a carbon skeleton.
Biochemistry – study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry and organic chemistry are closely related, as in medicinal chemistry or neurochemistry. Biochemistry is also associated with molecular biology and genetics.
Neurochemistry – study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system.
Molecular biochemistry and genetic engineering –an area of biochemistry and molecular biology that studies the genes, their heritage and their expression.
Bioorganic chemistry – combines organic chemistry and biochemistry toward biology.
Biophysical chemistry – is a physical science that uses the concepts of physics and physical chemistry for the study of biological systems.
Medicinal chemistry – discipline which applies chemistry for medical or drug related purposes.
Organometallic chemistry – is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin.
Physical organic chemistry – study of the interrelationships between structure and reactivity in organic molecules.
Inorganic chemistry – study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. The distinction between organic and inorganic disciplines is not absolute and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.
Bioinorganic chemistry – is a field that examines the role of metals in biology.
Cluster chemistry – focuses crystalline materials most often existing on the 0-2 nanometer scale and characterizing their crystal structures and understanding their role in the nucleation and growth mechanisms of larger materials
Materials chemistry – preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. The field is a new breadth of study in graduate programs, and it integrates elements from all classical areas of chemistry with a focus on fundamental issues that are unique to materials. Primary systems of study include the chemistry of condensed phases (solids, liquids, polymers) and interfaces between different phases.
Nuclear chemistry – study of how subatomic particles come together and make nuclei. Modern Transmutation is a large component of nuclear chemistry, and the table of nuclides is an important result and tool for this field.
Analytical chemistry – analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Analytical chemistry incorporates standardized experimental methods in chemistry. These methods may be used in all subdisciplines of chemistry, excluding purely theoretical chemistry.
Other
Astrochemistry – study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in the universe, and their interaction with radiation.
Cosmochemistry – study of the chemical composition of matter in the universe and the processes that led to those compositions.
Computational chemistry – is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations for solving chemical problems.
Environmental chemistry – study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur diverse aspects of the environment such the air, soil, and water. It also studies the effects of human activity on the environment.
Green chemistry is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances.
Supramolecular chemistry – refers to the domain of chemistry beyond that of molecules and focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components.
Theoretical chemistry – study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning (usually within mathematics or physics). In particular the application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is called quantum chemistry. Since the end of the Second World War, the development of computers has allowed a systematic development of computational chemistry, which is the art of developing and applying computer programs for solving chemical problems. Theoretical chemistry has large overlap with (theoretical and experimental) condensed matter physics and molecular physics.
Polymer chemistry – multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules.
Wet chemistry – is a form of analytical chemistry that uses classical methods such as observation to analyze materials usually in liquid phase.
Agrochemistry – study and application of both chemistry and biochemistry for agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and environmental monitoring and remediation.
Atmospheric chemistry – branch of atmospheric science which studies the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets.
Chemical engineering – branch of engineering that applies the physical sciences (e.g., chemistry and physics) and/or life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) together with mathematics and economics to processes that convert raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.
Chemical biology – scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology and involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to analyze and manipulation of biological systems.
Chemo-informatics – use of computer and informational techniques applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry.
Flow chemistry – study of chemical reactions in continuous flow, not as stationary batches, in industry and macro processing equipment.
Immunohistochemistry – involves the process of detecting antigens (e.g., proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues.
Immunochemistry – is a branch of chemistry that involves the study of the reactions and components on the immune system.
Chemical oceanography – study of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth's oceans
Materials science – is an interdisciplinary field investigating the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties.
Mathematical chemistry – area of study engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry. It concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena.
Mechanochemistry – coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and can be seen as a coupling of chemistry and mechanical engineering.
Molecular biology – study of interactions between the various systems of a cell. It overlaps with biochemistry.
Molecular mechanics – applies classical mechanics to model molecular systems.
Nanotechnology – study and application of matter that is at an atomic and molecular scale. This broad field interacts with chemistry at such scales.
Petrochemistry – study of the transformation of petroleum and natural gas into useful products or raw materials.
Pharmacology – branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action along with the chemical effects.
Phytochemistry – study of phytochemicals which come from plants.
Radiochemistry – chemistry of radioactive materials.
Sonochemistry – study of effect of sonic waves and wave properties on chemical systems.
Synthetic chemistry – study of chemical synthesis.
Toxicology – study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organism and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.