부정사 (不定詞, Infinitive)
● 부정사(不定詞)
부정사(不定詞)는 '품사가 정해지지 않았다'는 한자어 의미
To 부정사가 대표적이며 더 넓은 개념의 준동사 이해 필요
준동사(準動詞)는 동사의 형태가 바뀌어 다른 품사의 기능을 하는 것이다.
영어의 준동사에는 to 부정사, 동명사, 분사가 있다. 준동사도 동사로 만든 것이기 때문에 주어를 가질 수 있고, 그 주어를 '의미상의 주어'라고 한다. 동사의 특성이 있지만 동사는 아님
| to 부정사 | for+목적격 또는 of+목적격 |
| 동명사 | 목적격 |
| 분사 | 주격 |
● 부정사 특성
부정사는 준동사(부정사, 동명사, 분사)의 대표급이며 준동사의 공통적 특성은 다음과 같다.
1. 준동사는 품사를 바꾸는 도구이다.
2. 준동사는 말을 간단히 하기 위한 수단이다. (절로 바꿀 수 있다.)
3. 준동사는 문장 내의 어딘가에 반드시 의미상의 주어가 있다.
4. 준동사의 시제는 단순형, 완료형 2가지다.
5. 준동사의 부정은 바로 앞에 not을 붙인다.
● 명사적 용법 : to+R이 문장 안에서 주어, 목적어, 명사보어, 동격으로 쓰임.
①주어로 쓰이는 경우 : To learn English is very easy.
= It is very easy to learn English.
②목적어로 쓰이는 경우 : I want to read this book
◇의문사 + to 부정사가 명사구의 역할.- 동사의 목적어.
* I don't know what to do.
where to go.
when to do it.
whom to go with...............
③명사보어로 쓰이는 경우 :
* To see is to believe
④동격으로 쓰이는 경우 :
* He has one aim, to make money.
● 형용사적 용법 : To + R 이 문장 안에서 명사를 수식(한정적 용법)하거나 서술(서술적 용법, be to 용법)함
①한정적 용법 : 명사 뒤에서 수식.
* I have no friend to help me.
◇전치사 + 관계 대명사 + to 부정사가 명사를 수식.
* I have no house in which to live.
= I have no house to live in.
* I have got letters to write.( 써야 할 편지 )
* I want something to write on. ( 쓸 것-종이 등-)
* I want something to write with. ( 쓸 도구-펜 등-)
②서술적 용법 : be + to 부정사가 같은 형태로 쓰이나 문장 안에서 주격보어(형용사 보어)로 쓰이며, 각기 뜻을 달리하여 사용되어 예정, 의무, 가능, 의도, 운명 등을 나타냄.
=> 서술적 용법을 형용사적 용법이라기보다는 조동사적 의미를 지닌 be to로 기억하자.
* 예정 : We are to meet at the post office.
due to, be going to, be scheduled to의 뜻
* 의무 : You are to finish it by six.
should, must의 뜻
* 가능 : No one was to be seen on the street.
(수동태형으로, 부정문, 의문문에서 사용됨)
* 의도 : If you are to succeed, you must work hard.
If절 안에서의 be to = intend to의 뜻
* 운명 : He was never to see his home again.
be doomed to, be destined to의 뜻
● 형용사적 용법에서 주의할 점.
Ⅰ. to 부정사의 의미상 주어와 목적어
ⅰ. I have no friend to help me.
: no friend가 help의 주체, 즉 의미상 주어이다.
= I have no friend who can help me.
= I have no friend helping me.
~ 분사가 명사를 수식할 때 이를 절로 바꾸면 주격 관계대명사절이 됨. 즉, 수식받는 명사(friend)가 분사(help)의 주어일 때만 분사구문이 가능.
ⅱ. I have no friend to help.
: 의미상 주어는 I이고, no friend가 help의 목적어이다.
= I have no friend who(m) I should help.
=> I have no friend helping. (비문임.)
ⅲ. I have no friend to talk.
: 의미상 주어는 I이고, no friend가 talk의 목적어가 되어야 하므로 with 필요.
==> I have no friend to talk with.
= I have no friend who(m) I can talk with.
Ⅱ. 형용사절처럼 보이는 명사절
==> 동격절은 관계대명사절로 바꿀 수 없다.
한국어로는 형용사절 같은데 영어로 고치면 동격 명사절이다.
ⅰ. I have the ability to carry out this plan.
= I have the ability that I can carry out this plan.
==> 여기서 that은 접속사이지 관계대명사가 아니다.
ⅱ. This is a chance that I will not pass.
==> 여기서 that은 접속사가 아니라 형용사절을 이끄는 관계대명사이다.
ⅲ. There is a chance that I could accomplish it.
==> 여기서 that은 명사절을 이끄는 접속사이다. (완전한 문장이 옴.)
Ⅲ. 전치사＋의문사 형태의 부정사구
ⅰ. I don't know with whom to talk. (명사적 용법)
나는 누구와 이야기를 해야 할지를 모르겠다.
==> 여기서 전치사를 talk 뒤로 보내더라도 의문사 whom은 생략 불가능.
ⅱ. I don't know my partner with whom to talk. (형용사적 용법)
나는 내가 이야기하는 나의 파트너를 모르겠다.
==> with를 문두로 옮김에 따라 관계대명사 whom 생략이 불가능하여 저런 문장 생김.
여기서는 전치사를 talk 뒤로 보내면 whom 은 목적격 관계대명사로 생략 가능.
● 부사적 용법
to + 동사 원형이 문장 안에서 부사적 기능을 하며 목적, 결과, 원인, 조건, 양보, 이유. 판단의 근거, 정도 등을 나타냄.
①목적
* He works hard that He may pass the examination.
so that can
in order that will
= he works hard to pass the examination.
so as to
in order to
= He works hard for the purpose of passing the exam.
with the view of
with a view to
with the intention of
with the object of
(전치사구∼하기 위하여)
◇전치사 다음은 항시 명사나 동명사가 온다. (전치사 다음은 전치사의 목적어가 와야 하며 목적어는 명사나 동명사만이 가능하기 때문이다.)
◇ 복문을 단문으로 고치는 방법 :
ⓐ접속사 that의 생략.
ⓑ주절의 주어와 종속절의 주어가 같으면 생략.
ⓒ조동사 생략.
ⓓto를 사용하여 부정사 구문으로 고침.
* She kept quiet so that she might not disturb her father.
= She kept quiet so as not to disturb her father.
(부정사의 부정은 부정어를 to 앞에 둔다)
= She kept quiet lest she should disturb her father.
(lest ∼ should 구문, lest 다음은 절의 형태를 취함)
= She kept quiet for fear of disturbing her father.
(for fear of ∼ing, of가 전치사. for fear (that)의 형태는 절을 취함)
②결과:주로 무의지 동사인 awake, live, grow up 다음은 결과를 나타냄
* He awoke to find himself famous.
* He tried to rise, but it was useless.
= He tried to rise only to fail.
= He tried in vain(vainly) to rise.
◇ so that ∼, 과 so ∼ that.
ⓐ so that∼: 목적, 결과(therefor, and so), 조건(if only, so long as)
㉠목적
* He got up early so that he might be in time for the train.
= He got up early so as to be in time for the train.
㉡결과
* A great storm arose, so that the ship were wrecked.
㉢조건
* Any book will do, so that it is interesting.
ⓑ so ∼ that (so that 이하가 결과 부사절)
* He got up so early that he was in time for the train.
= He got up so early as to be in time for the train.
● 절로 바꿀 때
명사적 용법의 to 부정사 = that, 의문사절, if 절.. : 종속적 관계
형용사적 용법의 to 부정사 = 관계대명사절, 관계부사절 : 종속적 관계
부사적 용법의 결과 to 부정사: and로 연결되는 대등적 관계
③원인 : 감정을 나타내는 동사나 형용사 다음의 부정사는 원인을 나타냄.
감정 동사 : smile, weep, rejoice, grieve.
감정 형용사: glad, happy, sorry, delighted, pleased, surprised.
* I was surprised to find her gone.
= To my surprised, I found her gone.
◇ to one's + 추상 명사 (결과를 나타냄, ∼하게도)
④조건 : 주절에 가정법 조동사가 온다.
* I should be glad to go with you.
= I should be very glad if I could go with you.
* I should be very happy to be of any service to you.
= I should be very glad if I could be of any service to you.
* To tell a lie again, you will be punished.
= If you tell a lie again, you ~.
* To hear him talk, you would think him a foreigner.
= If you heard him talk, you ~.
⑤양보
* To do his best, he could not succeed in it.
= Though he did his best, he could not succeed in it.
⑥이유, 판단의 근거
* must be
cannot be + to 부정사
감탄문
* He must be honest to say so.
* How foolish I was to trust him.
⑦정도
◇타동사나 전치사의 목적어는 본 주어로 고칠 수 있다.
* It is not good to drink this water.
= This water is not good to drink (vt. 의 목적어)
* It seems to be comfortable to sleep in this bed.
= This bed seems to be comfortable to sleep in (pre. 의 목적어)
⑧독립 부정사 : 문장 전체를 수식하므로 부사적 용법에 해당
* To tell the truth, I don't like your sister
To do him justice : 공정하게 말하면, 평가해 보자면,
So to speak = As it were : 말하자면,
To begin with = To start with : 우선(무엇보다도)
To be frank with you = To be honest : 솔직히 말하면,
Strange to say : 이상한 말이지만,
To make a long story short, = To be brief, In brief(short) : 요약하면,
To be sure : 확실히
To make matters worse(=/= better) : 설상가상으로(금상첨화로)
To put it another way => put 은 express의 뜻.
To speak strictly : 엄격히 말해서 = Strictly speaking,
To sum up,
To say the least = Roughly speaking : 대충 말해도,
Not to speak of = To say nothing of English :
= Not to mention = Let alone : 영어는 말할 것도 없이,
Needless to say, : 비슷해 보이지만 목적어 못 취한다.
● 부정사의 시제
① 형태
◇단순 부정사 : to + 동사 원형 (본동사의 시제와 일치)
완료 부정사 : to + have + p.p (본동사보다 하나 더 과거)
* He seems to be ill.
= He seems that he is ill.
* He seems to have been ill.
= He seems that he was(has been) ill.
② * It seems that + s + v --> s + seems + to 부정사.
appears appears
* It happens that + s+ v --> s + happens + to 부정사.
chances chances
* It seems that he studied hard.
= He seems to study hard.
* It appears that he was rich.
= He appears to have been rich.
* It happened that we were on the same bus.
= We happened to be on the same bus.
● 부정사의 미래 표시
(미래 동사 + to 부정사 : 부정사의 시제가 본동사보다 하나 더 미래)
미래 동사: want, intend, expect, wish, hope, be likely, be sure.
* I hope to see him
= I hope that I shall see him.
* I hoped to see him.
= I hoped that I shall see him.
* It is likely that he will win.
= He is likely to win.
( It is likely that ∼ , 사람 주어 + be likely to∼)
● 과거에 이루지 못한 소망
◇형식 : s + had + 소망 동사의 p.p + that ∼
had + 소망 동사의 p.p + 단순 부정사
소망 동사의 과거형 + 완료 부정사.
※소망동사 : expect, want, hope, desire, intend
* I hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped that I should see her yesterday.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망했음. 만났는지 만나지 못했는지는 표현되지 않음)
* I had hoped that I would see her yesterday.
= I had hoped to see her yesterday.
= I hoped to have seen her yesterday.
= I had to see her yesterday, but I couldn't.
(그녀를 만나기를 희망했으나 만나지를 못함)
● 의미상의 주어
◇부정사의 의미상의 주어는 원칙적으로 for + 목적격을 씀.
* I think it difficult that he should solve the problem.
= I think it difficult for him to solve the problem.
◇부정사가 사람의 성질이나 특징을 나타내는 형용사 다음에 올 때는 of + 목적격을 쓴다.
(good, fine, bad, kind, unkind, wise, clever, stupid, foolish, silly, polite, thoughtful, considerate, cruel, rude, careful, generous.....)
* It is very kind of you to say so.
= How kind (it is) of you to say so.
= You are very kind to say so.
◇ of + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 있다.
(of 뒤의 의미상 주어를 문장의 주어로 고칠 수 있다.)
for + 목적격에서는 목적격을 본주어로 고칠 수가 없다.
(단, to 부정사의 목적어를 문장의 주어로 고칠 수 있다.)
◇의미상의 주어가 문장의 주어와 같을 때는 생략한다. (이 경우가 가장 많다.)
* I expect to succeed.
= I expect that I shall succeed.
◇의미상의 주어가 문장 전체의 목적어와 일치 할 땐 전치사를 생략한다.
* I expect (for) him to succeed.
= I expect that he will succeed.
● 사람을 주어로 할 수 없는 형용사.
convenient, necessary, difficult, important, impossible, possible, pleasant, easy, dangerous 등의 형용사와 a pity와 같은 명사는 원칙적으로 사람을 주어로 할 수가 없다.
그러나 사람 주어가 부정사의 타동사나 전치사의 목적어에서 온 경우엔 가능하다.
* It is easy for Tom to master English.
= English is easy for Tom to master. (○) → 타동사의 목적어
= Tom is easy to master English. (×) → 목적격
* It is cruel of him to beat the dog like that.
= He is cruel to beat the dog like that. (○) → of + 목적격에서는 가능
* It is possible for me to solve the problem.
= I am possible to solve the problem. (×)
* It is dangerous for her to bathe in this river.
= This river is dangerous for her to bathe in. (○) → 전치사의 목적어
= She is dangerous to bathe in this river. (×)
* It is difficult to please him.
= He is difficult to please.
◇ difficult는 사람을 주어로 할 수 없으나 him이 타동사의 목적어이므로 가능
◇ unable, incapable, be sorry 등은 It을 주어로 할 수 없다.
* It is sorry for me to hear of your father's death.(×)
= I am sorry to hear of your father's death. (○)
● 부정사의 의미
: 부정사는 동명사에 비해 "미래적", " 구체적", "가상적"인 성질을 갖는다.
①미래적 성질.
* Mary remembers to go. (In:미래성--> 갈 것)
* Mary remembers going. (G:과거성--> 간 것)
②구체적 성질.
* To swim is better exercise than to row for older people.
(수영에 대한 구체성, 운동 효과 등등...)
* Swimming is better than exercise rowing for older people.
(수영에 대한 일반적인 견해)
③가상적 성질.
* John likes Mary to stay at home.
(Mary가 집에 있다는 사실 여부는 표현되지 않음)
* John likes Mary staying at home.
(Mary가 집에 있음)
◇이러한 의미적 성질을 중심으로 부정사나 동명사만을 목적어로 취할 수밖에 없는 동사들이 있다.
◇주로 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: want, wish, hope, expect, choose, decide, determine, refuse, pretend, manage, offer, agree, promise.
◇주로 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사
: admit, consider, give up, deny, finish, mind, stop, quit, escape, postpone, practice, enjoy, avoid, put off
* He decided to leave school.
→ He decided leaving school. (×)
→ He decided on leaving school. (○)
* He gave up drinking and smoking.
◇부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사.
ⓐ like, hate, love, dread, intend,
+ 부정사 : 사실성의 언급이 없음.(I like her to sing)
동명사 : 사실성이 표현됨. ( I like her singing )
ⓑ forget, remember, regret, report, recall, anticipate, acknowledge, emphasize, announce, suspect, admit.
+ 부정사: 미래성 (I remember to post the letter), 부칠 것.
+ 동명사: 과거성 (I remember posting the letter), 부친 것.
ⓒ stop + 부정사 : 부정사의 부사적 용법.(I stoped to smoke)
+ 동명사 : stop의 목적어. (I stoped smoking)
ⓓ try + 부정사 : 노력하다. (Mary tries to write a book)
동명사 : 시험 삼아 해 보다 (Mary tries writing a book)
ⓔ go on + 부정사: 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
동명사: 계속해서 --하다.
* He went on to talk about his accident.
* He went on talking about his accident.
● 원형 부정사
지각동사나 사역동사 다음엔 to가 생략되고 동사 원형만이 오는데 이를 원형 부정사라 한다.
① 지각 동사 또는 사역 동사 + 목적어 + 원형 부정사.
* 지각 동사 : see, behold, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, look at, listen to.....
* 사역 동사 : make, let, have, bid, help(to도 가능)
* I saw him enter the room.
* I made him write a letter of apology.
= He was made to write a letter of apology by him.
(능동태에서의 원형부정사가 수동태로 고쳐지면 다시 to가 되살아난다)
* He let Betty use his dictionary.
= Betty was allowed to use his dictionary by him.
② get, allow, order, cause, compel, force, oblige + 목적어 + to 부정사
◇ 열거한 동사는 사역의 의미는 갖고 있지만 사역 동사는 아니다)
* The rain made the river rise.
= The rain caused the river to rise.
③관용 어귀 다음의 원형 부정사.
* had better(best) + 동사 원형 (부정: had better not)
* cannot but + 동사원형 (cannot help ∼ ing)
* do nothing but + 동사원형.
* would rather
would sooner A than B (A, B가 동사원형)
had rather
* You had better stay in bed.
= It would be better for you to stay in bed.
● 부정사의 부정 : 부정어를 to 앞에 놓는다.
* He did not try to smile. (try를 부정)
* He tried not to smile. (to smile을 부정)
● 대부정사 : 부정사의 반복을 피하기 위하여 to만을 씀.
* You may go if you want to. (go; 생략)
● 분리 부정사 : 부사가 부정사를 수식한다는 것을 분명히 하기 위해
to + 동사원형이 부사에 의해 분리되는 것.
* He entirely failed to understand it.
(entirely가 failed를 수식, 완전부정)
He failed to entirely understand it.
(entirely가 understand를 수식하는 분리 부정사, 부분부정)
● 감탄문을 만드는 부정사.
* To think that such a little boy should have done it.
● 부정사의 태 : 능동형으로 수동의 의미를 나타내는 것.
* You are to blame
= You are to be blamed.
* To teach is to be taught.
● 관련구문
① so∼ that … , such ∼ that ….
so + a/ad + that + s + v
such + n + that + s + v
* As the book is very small, I can put it in my pocket.
= The book is so small that I put it in my pocket.
= The book is small enough for me to put in my pocket.
* It was such a lovely day that he went out.
= It was so lovely a day that he went out.
◇복문 ⇒ 단문
ⓐ a/ad + enough의 형태로
ⓑ 접속사 that 생략.
ⓒ that 이하의 절이 본주어와 같을 때는 생략, 다를 땐 for + 목적격
ⓓ 타동사의 목적어가 본주어와 같을 땐 생략, 다를 땐 써줌.
② so ∼ that … not
so + a/ad + that … not
too + a/ad + for + 목적격 + to 부정사
* This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
= This stone is so heavy that I can not lift it.
③ Too의 특수 용법
◇ not too ∼ to = not so that ∼ not
* He is not too old to do the task.
= He is not so old that he can not do the task.
= However old he may be, he can do the task.
= He is not so old but he can do the task.
◇ too ∼ not to ＝ so ∼ that cannot but …
* The statesman is too great not to be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that he cannot but be respected.(by us)
= The statesman is so great that we cannot but respect him.
(cannot but = can의 의미)
④기타
* ,too (I have much money.
I have much money, too.= So do I )
too = very, only too = very,
too liable to ∼ , too ready to ∼
(걸핏하면 ∼ 하다, ∼하기 일쑤다)
* I am only too good to help you.
* He is too liable (ready, apt) to despise the poor.
⑤ too ∼ to, enough ∼ to.
* This stone is too heavy for me to lift.
= This stone is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
* This book is easy enough for me to read.
= This book is so easy that I can read it.
● O2 동사
She told her son to wash her car.
She asked her son to wash her car.
She allowed her son to wash her car.
She advised her son to wash her car.
She encouraged her son to wash her car.
She forbade her son to wash her car.
She permitted her son to wash her car.
She required her son to wash her car.
She reminded her son to wash her car.
ex.) She reminded him to bring his guitar.
→ She said to him, "Don't forget to bring your guitar."
She forced her son to wash her car.
She taught her son to wash her car.
ex.) She taught her son to think it through.
O2 동사가 수동태화되면 여러 단어 조동사가 된다.
She told him to wash her car.
→ He was told to wash her car.
was encouraged to
was forced to = had to = had no choice but to
was forbidden to
was allowed to
추가 상세 예문
(a) She advised me to get a secure apartment so I could be safe.
→ I was advised to get a secure apartment so I could be safe.
(b) She allowed me to take her picture.
→ I was allowed to take her picture.
(c) I asked John to take a picture of me.
→ John was asked to take a picture of me.
take a picture of me = take my picture
(d) They begged me to let them sit. But I urged them to keep marching.
beg : 간청하다 let them sit = allow them to sit
urge : 채근하다, 닦달하다 keep ~ing : 계속해서 ~하다
(e) Vegetarian diet caused him to go blind.
vegetarian : 채식주의자의 채식주의 적인
cause : 야기하다
caused him to go blind = made him go blind
(f) Mr. Choi challenged me to study English for more than 2 hours a day.
challenge someone to : ~할 수 있도록 독려하다, ~해보라고 독려하다
(g) I can’t help feeling bad that I couldn't convince him to believe me.
(h) I dare you to ask him to dance.
dare someone to : 감히~하다. (과감하게 ~해보라고 하다)
(i) She encouraged me to go back to school.
encourage someone to : 용기 내서 ~하라고 하다, ~하도록 격려하다(권장하다, 장려하다)
(j) I expect you to know that she is a born liar.
born liar : 타고난 거짓말쟁이, 새빨간 거짓말쟁이
(k) I forbid you to stand in my way.
forbid someone to : ~하는 것을 금지하다
Don't be in my way. = Don't stand in my way.
(내가 하는 일에 끼어들지 마라.)
(l) They forced him to work day and night and didn't allow them to sleep.
force someone to : ~하라고 강요하다
day and night : 밤낮으로
(m) I hired a girl to take care of my daughters three hours every afternoon.
(n) He instructed them to do as he does.
(o) The Chairman welcomed the panel and invited them to make a brief presentation, to be followed by a question-and-answer session.
panel : 초청인사(집합명사)
(p) We needed him to lead our team.
(q) The soldier ordered them to get in the car, threatening to kill them.
order someone to : ~를 명령하다.
(r) He permitted the children to watch television.
permit someone to : ~을 허락하다.
(s) I persuaded him to let me try to help him.
persuade someone to : 설득하다.
(t) She reminded me to wash behind my ears.
she reminded me to (= She said to me, "Don't forget to...")
: 상기시키다 → 신신당부하다
(u) Our teacher requires us to be able to convert fractions, percents, and decimals.
require someone to : 반드시 ~하라고 말하다
fraction : 분수
decimal : 소수
(v) My mother taught me to always try to think it through.
teach someone to : ~하도록 가르치다.
She promised me to do her homework.
to 부정사가 4 형식 문장의 직접목적어로 쓰이는 유일한 예외이다.
숙제하는 주체가 she이다. (me가 아니다.)
(w) She told me to ask her to be my wife.
(x) Tears in her eyes made me regret urging her to leave.
(y) I want you to speak as slowly as possible.
(z) She warned him to stay away from the dog.
warn someone to : ~하라고 경고하다
to stay away from = not to get close to
● 동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사 <회피, 감정을 뜻하는 동사>
| admit (인정하다) avoid (회피하다) deny (부인하다) enjoy (즐기다) dislike(싫어하다) escape (벗어나다, 면하다) |
give up (포기하다) finish (끝내다) practice (연습하다, 실천하다) stop (그만두다) mind (거북해하다, 싫어하다) |
He admits having done it himself. (그는 자신이 직접 그것을 했다는 것을 인정한다.)
I could not avoid saying so. (나는 그렇게 말하지 않을 수 없었다.)
She denied having told me the secret. (그녀는 나에게 비밀을 말했다는 것을 부인했다.)
I really enjoy playing video games. (나는 정말로 비디오 게임을 즐긴다.)
They escaped being killed. (그들은 죽음을 모면했다.)
His father has given up drinking. (그의 아버지는 술을 끊었다.)
Did you finish writing your report? (당신은 보고서 작성을 끝냈습니까?)
She practices playing the piano after school. (그녀는 방과 후에 피아노 연습을 한다.)
He stopped smoking because the doctor advised him to do so. (그는 의사가 그렇게 하라고 권했기 때문에 금연을 했다.)
Would you mind closing the window? (괜찮으시다면 창문을 닫아 주시겠습니까?)
** 주의: stop ~ing와 stop to 부정사의 차이
stop은 ~ing와 to 부정사를 모두 목적어로 취할 수 있습니다. 그래서 목적어로 어떤 형태가 오느냐에 따라 의미가 달라지니 주의해야 합니다.
1) stop ~ing에서 ~ing는 동명사로서 stop의 목적어로 쓰인 것입니다.
He stopped smoking. (그는 담배 피우는 것을 그만두었다.)
2) stop to ~에서 to ~는 부정사로서「~하기 위하여」라는 목적의 의미로 쓰인 부사적 용법의 부정
사이다. 이때 stop은「멈추다」라는 의미로 쓰인 자동사입니다.
He stopped to smoke. (그는 담배를 피우기 위하여 멈추어 섰다.)
● 부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사 <소망, 기대, 의지 의 뜻>
| agree (동의하다, 승낙하다) decide (결정하다) desire (바라다) determine (결정하다) hope (희망하다) learn (배우다) |
mean (의도하다) plan (계획하다) promise (약속하다) refuse (거절하다) want (원하다) wish (소망하다) |
She agreed to leave at once. (그녀는 즉시 떠나는데 동의했다.)
He has decided to become a doctor. (그는 의사가 되기로 결심했다.)
We all desire to be happy. (우리 모두는 행복해지기를 바란다.)
I determined to go there alone. (나는 그곳에 혼자 가기로 결정했다.)
I hope to see you again soon. (곧 다시 뵙기를 바랍니다.)
She is now learning to ride a horse. (그녀는 지금 말 타는 것을 배우고 있다.)
I didn't mean to upset you. (당신의 기분을 상하게 하려고 했던 것은 아닙니다.)
We're planning to go to Europe this summer. (이번 여름에 유럽에 갈 계획이다.)
They promised to help us. (그들은 우리를 돕기로 약속했다.)
She refused to marry him. (그녀는 그와 결혼하기를 거절했다.)
I want to see him at once. (나는 즉시 그를 보고 싶습니다.)
He wished to be a pilot. (그는 비행사가 되고 싶어 했다.)
● 동명사 부정사를 모두 목적어로 취할 수 있는 동사로서 의미의 차이가 있는 동사
(1) remember
remember ~ing : (이전에) ~한 것을 기억하다
remember to ~ : ~해야 하는 것을 기억하다
She didn't remember mailing the letter. (편지를 우송했다는 것을 기억하지 못했다.)
She didn't remember to mail the letter. (편지를 우송해야 한다는 것을 기억하지 못했다.)
(2) forget
forget ~ing : (이전에) ~한 것을 잊다
forget to ~ : ~해야 한다는 것을 잊다
I forgot writing her. (나는 그녀에게 편지를 썼다는 것을 잊었다.)
I forgot to write her. (나는 그녀에게 편지 쓴다는 것을 잊었다.)
(3) try
try ~ing : 시험 삼아 ~하다
try to ~ : ~하려고 노력하다
I tried solving the problem. (나는 문제를 풀어 보았다.)
I tried to solve the problem. (나는 문제를 풀려고 노력했다.)
(4) like
like ~ing : ~하는 것을 좋아하다 <일반적인 경향이나 습관>
like to ~ : ~하고 싶다 <기호> ; ~하는 것을 좋아한다 <구체적인 경향>
I like smoking. (나는 담배 피우는 것을 좋아한다.)
I like to smoke. (나는 담배를 피우고 싶다.)
(5) need
need ~ing : ~되어야 할 필요가 있다 <수동의 의미>
need to ~ : ~할 필요가 있다
My camera needs repairing. (내 사진기는 수리되어야 한다.)
= My camera needs to be repaired.
I need to repair my camera. (나는 내 사진기를 수리해야 한다.)
● 동명사나 부정사를 모두 목적어로 취할 수 있는 동사
begin, start, continue, hate, love
The baby began crying. (그 아기는 울기 시작했다.)
= The baby began to cry.
The water started boiling. (물이 끓기 시작했다.)
= The water started to boil.
They continued working for ten hours. (그들은 열 시간 동안 계속해서 일했다.)
= They continued to work for ten hours.
Prices will continue rising higher. (물가는 계속해서 높이 오를 것이다.)
= Prices will continue to rise higher.
I hate dancing. (나는 춤추는 것을 아주 싫어한다.)
= I hate to dance.
She loves going to parties. (그녀는 파티에 가는 것을 좋아한다.)
= She loves to go to parties.
참고 : 현재진행형에서는 start와 begin의 목적어로 부정사를 쓰는 경향이 강합니다.
The water is starting to boil. (물은 끊기 시작하고 있다.)
1. suggest
1) suggest ~ing
Father suggested going on a picnic. 아버지는 피크닉을 가면 어떻겠느냐고 말씀하셨다
He suggested her going to see a doctor right away. (going의 의미상의 주어로 her가 쓰였습니다.)
2) suggest that 주어 + 동사
It has been suggested that the manager will resign if any more players are sold.
★ suggest me to go on a picnic는 잘못된 형식으로 봄.
( '누구를 추천하다'의 뜻일 때, I suggest her for the head of this group. 의 형식으로는 쓰일 수 있으나 suggest + 목적어 + to 부정사로는 쓰이지 않습니다. )
2. consider
1) consider+~ing
I am considering writing to my uncle. 나는 아저씨에게 편지를 쓸까 하고 생각하고 있다
I consider him (to be) a fool [very clever].=I ~ that he is a fool [very clever].
3) consider that 주어 동사
The local authority considered that the school did not meet requirements.
3. mention
I need hardly mention that his views are broader than the average.
그의 견해가 일반 사람들보다 폭넓다는 것은 거의 말할 필요도 없다
2) mention + ~ing :··라고 언급하다
He mentioned having done that. 그는 그렇게 했다고 말했다
4. advise
1) advise+ ~ing
I advised his starting at once. 그에게 즉시 출발하도록 권했다
He advised me not to go there. 그는 나에게 거기에 가지 않는 것이 좋겠다고 말했다
I advise you to be cautious. 조심하도록 충고합니다
3) advise+ that 주어 동사
I advised that he (should) start at once. 그에게 즉시 출발해야 한다고 권했다
[advise 동사의 구문 형태]
1) advise + 목적어 + to 부정사 (~에게 -하라고 충고하다)
= I advised him to take the opportunity : 나는 그에게 그 기회를 잡으라고 충고했다.
(him = 목적어, to take... = 목적보어)
advise가 to 부정사를 취할 수 있는 것은 반/드/시/ 목적어가 들어와 있을 경우다. to 부정사 자체가 목적어가 아님.
2) advise + -ing (-하라고 충고하다, -할 것을 권유하다)
= I advised taking the opportunity : 나는 그 기회를 잡으라고 충고했다.
(taking... = 목적어) → 여기서 advise는 목적어로 동명사를 취하는 동사
advise + ing는 가능하지만 advise + to 부정사는 불가능하거든요. (물론 사이에 문장 1)처럼 목적어가 들어가는 경우에 to 부정사가 쓰이지만, 목적어로 쓰이는 것이 아니라, 목적어의 상태를 나타내는 목적보어로 쓰이는 것)
※ 만약, 이 문장을 1)번 문장처럼 누구에게 기회를 잡으라고 충고하는 내용으로 바꾸고 싶다면?
- ing앞에 소유격 또는 목적격 (보통 문법책에서는 소유격을 많이 씀) 을 넣어주면 됩니다. 이 소유격 또는 목적격이 taking the opportunity의 주어가 되어, 누구에게 기회를 잡으라고 하는 것인지 설명해주죠.
= I advised his (또는 him) taking the opportunity : 나는 그에게 기회를 잡을 것을 충고했다.
이 때 his/him은 목적어가 아니다. taking the opportunity, 즉 동명사의 주어역할. 기회를 잡는 주체는 '그'니까. (taking .. = advise의 목적어, his/him = 목적어의 의미상 주어)
3) advise + 목적어 + wh(의문사) + to부정사
= I advised him when to take the opportunity : 나는 그에게 언제 그 기회를 잡을지 충고했다.
= I advised him how to take the opportunity : 나는 그에게 어떻게 그 기회를 잡을지 조언했다.
= I advised him where to take the opportunity : 나는 그에게 어디서 그 기회를 잡을지 조언했다.
이 문장들은 다음과 같이 바꿔쓸 수 있다.
= I advised him when he should take the opportunuty.
= I advised him how he should take the opportunuty.
= I advised him where he should take the opportunuty.
4) 자동사 advise
advise somebody on something (~에게 ~에 대해 조언을 하다)
He advises us on tax matters. 그는 세금 문제로 우리에게 조언을 해준다.
advise on something (~에 대해 조언하다)
She's been asked to advise on training the new team. (그녀는 새로운 팀을 훈련시키는데 조언을 하도록 요청되어졌다.)
전치사 on 다음에는 사물이 온다. 그러므로 문장을 이렇게 바꾸면,
He advised me on taking opportunity to speak in English.
5) be advised to 동사 원형~ : advise의 수동태 구문
advise를 수동 형태로 써서 be advised가 될 때는 be advised to 동사 원형의 형태로 쓰인다. 'advise + 목적어 + to 동사 원형' 구문일 때만, 수동 구문이 가능한데, 목적어가 주어로 나오고 to 동사 원형이 그대로 남아있기 때문에 be advised to 형태의 수동태가 만들어지게 된다.
예문) You are advised to do homework right now.
(원래는 능동태 : I advise you to do homework right now. 여기서 목적어 자리의 you가 주어 자리로 가면서 수동태가 만들어졌다.)
기출문제(부정사, 동명사)
(1) I recommend that the student finish to write her paper as soon as possible.
(2) I couldn’t find any vegetables in the refrigerator, which means my wife must have forgotten to buy some on her way home.
(3) It is foolish for you to do such a thing.
(4) My husband has been busy to work out his project.
(5) They were on the verge to leave the summer resort.
(6) She objects to be asked out by people at work.
(7) Many students assume that textbook writers restrict themselves to facts and avoid to present opinions.
(8) This is one of the important ways in which give help in a mutual aid group is a form of self-help.
(9) It is not very hard for Koreans’ obtaining a U.S. visa, against most people believe.
(10) Unlike what most people believe, it is not very tough for Koreans to obtain a U.S. visa.
(11) The company’s marketing strategy appeals to the consumers who are accustomed to paying bills by credit cards.
(12) Bob regrets wasting his money on useless things. (밥은 쓸데없는 일에 돈을 낭비한 것을 후회한다.)
(13) I don’t remember for him to tell me such a direct lie. (내 기억에는 그가 나에게 그런 뻔뻔스러운 거짓말을 한 적이 없다.)
(14) This leaflet tells you how to avoid getting ill while traveling
(15) We are looking forward for you to come.
(16) She is used to living alone.
(17) I’m having a real problem figuring out that I want.
(18) I don’t mind being treated like this.
(19) It’s thoughtful of him to remember the names of every member in our firm.
(20) Would you mind handing me the paper there?
(21) There is no knowing how far science may progress by the end of the twenty first century. (21세기 말까지 과학이 얼마나 발전할지 알 수 없다.)
(22) She regrets not having worked harder in her youth.
(23) Last night, she nearly escaped from running over by a car.
(24) The main reason I stopped smoking was that all my friends had already stopped smoking.
(25) I look forward to doing business with you as soon as possible.
(26) Hamas also agreed that day temporarily stop firing rockets into Israel.
(27) Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to grow and learn in.
(28) My aunt didn’t remember meeting her at the party. (나의 이모는 파티에서 그녀를 만난 것을 기억하지 못했다.)
정답
(1) I recommend that the student finish to write her paper as soon as possible. (X)
→ writing
(2) I couldn’t find any vegetables in the refrigerator, which means my wife must have forgotten to buy some on her way home. (O)
(3) It is foolish for you to do such a thing. (X)
→ of
(4) My husband has been busy to work out his project. (X)
→ working
(5) They were on the verge to leave the summer resort. (X)
→ of leaving
(6) She objects to be asked out by people at work. (X)
→ being
(7) Many students assume that textbook writers restrict themselves to facts and avoid to present opinions. (X)
→ presenting
(8) This is one of the important ways in which give help in a mutual aid group is a form of self-help. (X)
→ giving
(9) It is not very hard for Koreans’ obtaining a U.S. visa, against most people believe. (X)
→ for Koreans to obtain -> what most people believe
(10) Unlike what most people believe, it is not very tough for Koreans to obtain a U.S. visa. (O)
(11) The company’s marketing strategy appeals to the consumers who are accustomed to paying bills by credit cards. (O)
(12) Bob regrets wasting his money on useless things. (밥은 쓸데없는 일에 돈을 낭비한 것을 후회한다.)(O)
(13) I don’t remember for him to tell me such a direct lie. (내 기억에는 그가 나에게 그런 뻔뻔스러운 거짓말을 한 적이 없다.)(X)
→ his telling
(14) This leaflet tells you how to avoid getting ill while traveling. (O)
(15) We are looking forward for you to come. (X)
→ to your coming
(16) She is used to living alone. (O)
(17) I’m having a real problem figuring out that I want. (X)
→ what
(18) I don’t mind being treated like this. (O)
(19) It’s thoughtful of him to remember the names of every member in our firm. (O)
(20) Would you mind handing me the paper there? (O)
(21) There is no knowing how far science may progress by the end of the twenty first century. (21세기 말까지 과학이 얼마나 발전할지 알 수 없다.) (O)
(22) She regrets not having worked harder in her youth. (O)
(23) Last night, she nearly escaped from running over by a car. (X)
→ being run over
(24) The main reason I stopped smoking was that all my friends had already stopped smoking. (O)
(25) I look forward to doing business with you as soon as possible. (O)
(26) Hamas also agreed that day temporarily stop firing rockets into Israel. (X)
→ to stop
(27) Parents are responsible for providing the right environment for their children to grow and learn in. (O)
(28) My aunt didn’t remember meeting her at the party. (나의 이모는 파티에서 그녀를 만난 것을 기억하지 못했다.) (O)
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