명사․ 관사․ 대명사
● 집합명사의 수
| ∙일반 집합명사 : 일반 집합명사(family, committee, audience, team)는 집합체 자체(껍데기)를 의미하면 단수(=단순집합명사적 용법), 구성원들(알맹이)을 의미하면 복수(=군집명사적 용법) 취급한다. ∙항 군집명사 : 항상 구성원들을 의미하는 집합명사를 말하며 복수 취급한다. the를 붙여쓰는 the police, the jury, the clergy 류와, the 없이 쓰는 people, cattle 류가 있다. ∙항 단순집합명사(=집합적 물질명사) : 항상 집합체 자체를 의미하는 equipment, merchandise, clothing, baggage, machinery(jewelry, scenery, weaponry, stationery, poetry, pottery) 등을 말하며 단수 취급한다. 또한 이들은 불가산명사이다. (a×, (e)s×) |
￭ His family (is, are) very large, and his family (has, have) all got red hair.
￭ The cattle which (was, were) raised on that farm have been stolen, and the police (is, are) looking into this case.
￭ A lot of merchandise (has, have) been loaded into the truck.
● 명사의 전용 : 불가산명사의 가산명사화(=보통명사화)
| ∙물질명사 : a fire, a rain, an iron, a bronze, a precious stone, glasses ∙추상명사 : a beauty, a democracy, a favor, an invention, an authority, a pity, a success, a failure, It was a great experience., It was a great pleasure ∙고유명사 : three Picassos, an Edison, a Mr Smith, the Browns, a Ford, an Apple |
Everything she does is a tremendous success. (○, ×)
Doctors have been trying to find (cure, a cure) for cancer for many years.
● 불가산명사
| ∙절대 불가산명사 : information, news, evidence, advice, knowledge, fun, leisure, luck, progress, traffic, weather, health, 집합적 물질명사 ∙불가산명사와 가산명사의 뜻이 다른 명사 : company(동료, 친구)a company, hair(머리)a hair(한 올), room(여지)a room, have time(시간)have a good(hard) time(때, 경험), authority(권위, 권한)an authority(권위자)authorities(당국), office(직무)an office, worka work of artworks(공장, 공사)a job |
￭ This book gives useful informations on how to repair cars. (○, ×)
￭ They put together the evidences to form one coherent explanation. (○, ×)
￭ We had (hard time, a hard time) finding our way to his house.
She has a black hair. (○, ×)
Employment agencies help people find (jobs, works), and a fee is charged for their (work, works).
● 형태와 수에 주의해야 하는 명사들
| ∙단복 동형의 명사 : means, species, series, Japanese, Chinese, sheep, deer, aircraft ∙단수 취급하는「s」명사 : measles, billiards, news, the United Nations, 학문명 ∙단․복수의 뜻이 다른 분화명사 : good(선, 득)goods(상품), a mannermanners(예의), waterwaters(바다), cloth(천)clothes(옷), regardregards(안부), respectrespects(문안), a spectaclespectacles(안경), armarms(무기), a letterletters(문학) ∙상호복수명사 : shake hands with, make friends with, change cars, be on good terms with, take turns (at) …ing |
￭ There (is, are) a lot of means of learning the truth.
￭ The news of the event (have, has) become part of the cultural debate.
￭ In the market they were busy selling their good. (○, ×)
We can take (turn, turns) driving on the way.
● 그 밖의 명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙an angel of a wife, a palace of a house ∙불가산명사인 물질․추상 명사는 부정 양 형용사(much, little), 부정 수량공통 형용사(some, a lot of), 조수사를 이용해 그 정도나 양을 표시한다. ex) a cup of(two cups of) water, a piece of(many pieces of) advice ∙of + 추상명사 = 형용사 : of + use, ability, value, help, importance, industry ∙She is beauty itself. = She is all beauty. = She is very beautiful. = She is a beauty. ∙the table's legs (×), the car's door (×) |
● 부정관사 및 정관사의 주의 용법
| ∙They are selling shoes for 20$ a pair. (=per) ∙of a mind, of an age, of a height (=the same) ∙한정 의미 강조 : the tallest boy, the first chapter, the only way, the same means, the very thing, the late Mr. Gore, the English language, the Seoul city ∙악기명 : Do you play the piano? ∙신체 부위 : pull sb by the hand, stare sb in the face, pat sb on the shoulder ∙배분의 단위 : be sold by the pound, be paid by the day ∙후치 한정어구의 수식을 받는 명사 : the Edison of Korea, the water in this bottle ∙the + 형용사 = 복수 보통명사 : the young, the dying, the injured, the unemployed |
Birds of (feather, a feather, the feather) flock together.
He used to play (guitar, the guitar) when he was in bad mood.
￭ The wounded (was, were) carried to the nearest hospital by ambulance.
He had kindness to show me the way. (○, ×)
● 관사를 붙여쓰지 않는 경우
| ∙보어로 쓰인 관직․지위․신분, 자격의 as 뒤 : They elected him mayor. ∙본래의 용도로 쓰인 건물․장소․가구 : go to bed(court, hospital), in church(class, bed, at table(school) ∙계절․식사․운동․학과명 : like summer, have dinner, play baseball, hate math ∙중병 : die of cancer, suffer from pneumonia cf) have a cold(a fever, a headache) ∙by + 교통․통신 : by bus(plane, train, air), by letter(mail, fax) ∙as 도치양보절의 문두 명사 : Little boy as he was, he was very considerate. |
● 주의해야 할 관사의 위치
| ∙일반 경우 : a very polite person ∙such, many, what + a(n) + 형용사 + 명사 ex) such a fine day, such fine days, such fine weather ∙so, as, too, how, however + 형용사 + a(n) + 명사 ex) so fine a day(○), so fine days (×), so fine weather (×) cf) so + many, few, much, little + 명사 |
It was (such a cold day, so cold a day) that I decided to stay indoors.
He is (as a competent worker, as competent a worker) as can be.
￭ It was (such, so) cold weather that I decided to stay indoors.
She always buys so expensive clothes. (○, ×)
● 인칭대명사․재귀대명사․소유대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙아이(baby, infant, kid, child, newborn, fetus)나 동물은 ‘성별이 미확인된 경우’ 중성인 it으로 받는다. ∙동격에 쓰이는 인칭대명사의 격에 유의한다. ∙주어와 목적어가 같을 경우, 목적어는 인칭대명사가 아니라 재귀대명사로 쓴다. ∙재귀대명사의 관용적 용법 : in spite of oneself(무의식적으로, 자신도 어쩔 수 없이), beside oneself(제 정신이 아닌, 미친), for oneself(혼자 힘으로), by oneself(홀로), to oneself(독점하여, 혼자만), in itself(본질적으로, 그 자체로서), of itself(저절로), between ourselves(우리끼리 이야기지만) |
￭ That child is a torment to its parents. (○, ×)
￭ The gray squirrel jumped to the roof of the porch to escape (his, its) enemy.
￭ He specifically told them, Bob and he, to get ready. (○, ×)
￭ When our body is ill, it tries to regain strength by cooling (it, itself).
￭ The spectators arranged (them, themselves) so that everyone could see the show.
￭ The accident forced (him, himself) to quit his job, so he had to find another job.
● 지시대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙후치 한정어구의 수식을 받는「the + 명사」는 that 또는 those로 나타낼 수 있으며, 이 때의 수에 유의한다. ∙He has such a great ability that everyone envies him. (=so great an ability) = His ability is such that everyone envies him. (=His ability is so great that…) = Such is his ability that everyone envies him. (=So great is his ability that…) ∙긍정문, and so + V + S : 무조건 도치, 대동사 선택에 유의 ∙the same, the same…as, the same…that, much the same, the very same |
The wages in our company are almost similar to (that, those) in your company.
He is just a new employee and should be treated (such as, as such).
￭ (Such great, So great) was her kindness that we wrote her a thank-you letter.
He has changed a lot, and so (is, was, does, has) she.
This is same car as I used to drive. (○, ×)
● 부정대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙one(=a + 명사)은 불가산명사를 대신하면 틀린다. ∙One should do one's(his) best to make oneself(himself) worthwhile. ∙one(처음 하나․한명), another(또 다른 하나․한명나머지 있음 전제), the other(나머지 하나․한명), others(또 다른 것들․사람들; 타인), the others(나머지 모두) ∙Every man and woman has donated his blood. (=his or her) ∙every two weeks = every second week = every other week = on alternate weeks ∙either와 neither는 2를 전제로 하며 항상 단수로 취급한다. ∙None of the students know(s) about it. None of the information is revealed. ∙Anyone can not solve the problem. (×) |
I prefer white wine to red one. (×)
No one can blame him for doing (one's, his) duty.
To know is one thing and to explain it to others is (another, other, the other).
￭ He is so careless that our advice goes in one ear and out (another, the other).
Each and every employee has expressed their anger. (×)
￭ They take away garbage every three days. (○, ×)
￭ Do either of you want a part-time job? (○, ×)
Any of his two ideas is enough to reduce our risk. (○, ×)
I'm afraid we don't seem to have coffee; there (is, are) none left.
● 의문대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙<정도․방법>은 how로 묻지만, <의견>은 what으로 묻는다. ∙목적격 whom의 자리에 주격 who가 대신할 수 있다. ex) Who are you waiting for? (○) ∙How is the weather? = What is the weather like? |
￭ (How, What) do you think of his plan?
cf) How do you like his plan?
What do you say to his plan?
For who are you waiting? (○, ×)
7. 일치․특수구문․문체론
● 주어와 동사의 수 일치 주의구문
| ∙There (have, has) been a lot of changes happening lately. ∙His parents as well as his sister (is, are) supposed to get here. ex) A accompanied by B, A coupled with B, A as well as B, A along with B, A together with B, A with B ∙Neither you nor she (are, is) responsible for the failure. ex) neither A nor B, either A or B, A or B, not A but B, not only A but also B ∙A number of cars (is, are) parked in the neighborhood on weekends. The number of cars visiting here (is, are) on the steady increase. ∙Many people (have, has) come here to enjoy the holiday. Many a person (have, has) come here to enjoy the holiday. ∙One of the factories that (produce, produces) cars wants to relocate. The only one of the factories that (produce, produces) cars wants to relocate. ∙All work and no play (have, has) left him friendless. ex) slow and steady, a needle and thread, a watch and chain, curry and rice ∙Five months (have, has) passed since I came here. Five months (are, is) too short for us to finish the task. ∙Whether he will join us or not (don't, doesn't) matter at all. ∙His shoes (are, is) old, so a new pair of shoes (are, is) perfect for this birthday. ex) a pair(set, pack) of, a group of, a series of |
￭ There was only seventeen cents left with us. (○, ×)
￭ Neither her appearance nor her manners was satisfactory. (○, ×)
￭ Either the landlord or his wife were not telling the truth. (○, ×)
￭ The total number of houses under water amounts to 1500. (○, ×)
￭ Many a person have inquired concerning a recent message of mine. (○, ×)
￭ That is the only one of those watches that require no winding. (○, ×)
￭ Bread and butter was all we had. (○, ×)
￭ A series of meetings was held recently regarding the crisis. (○, ×)
● 수량공통 부정대명사와 부분표시어의 수
| ∙some, most, all, enough, part, half, the rest, two thirds, 20% + of + 명사 구문의 수는 모집단인 명사에 그 수를 일치시킨다. |
￭ One fourth of a worker's income are paid in taxes and social security. (○, ×)
￭ Two thirds of the surface of the earth are water. (○, ×)
￭ I really like his novels, some of which (is, are) on my bookshelf.
￭ When two thirds of the ship (was, were) under water, half of the passengers (was, were) already drowned.
● 명사와 대명사의 수 일치
| ∙Few husbands are willing to give a hand to (his, their) wives. ∙Many a man is afraid of losing (his, their) jobs. ∙We must know that the regulations are neither simple nor obvious as we expected (it, them) to be. |
￭ Very few colleges these days refuse (its, their) admission on grounds of age alone.
● 무조건 도치 : 조․be동사는 직접 S 앞으로, 일반동사는 do동사로 대신해서 S 앞으로
| ∙부정어구를 문두에 강조할 때 Never have I dreamed of such a weird thing before. Not only was he disappointed but he got angry. Little does he realize the importance of this project. Hardly had I got into the building when it began to rain. ∙한정어구를 문두에 강조할 때 Only then could I recognize her. Only when he called my name did I turn back and see him. ∙정도 강조어를 문두에 강조할 때 So great is her ability that they praise her. ∙긍정 동의 및 부정 동의 He is greedy and so is his wife. He doesn't enjoy see food, nor(=and neither) does his wife. |
￭ Rarely will you meet a character exactly like yourself in fiction.
￭ Not until the Enlightenment did societies seriously question the state's power to kill.
￭ Not only did they ignore the protest, but they also lied to the press.
￭ Only now are we beginning to come to terms with the social temblors the event triggers.
￭ So great was the force coming out of the Chinese monk's hands that it was known to lift a grownup man from the seat.
● 부가의문 : S + V, Vn't + S´?
| ∙긍정→부정, 부정→긍정, 조동사․be동사→조동사․be동사, 일반동사→do동사 ∙부가의문의 주어는 인칭대명사가 원칙이며, 단 there 구문은 there로 일치시킨다. ∙had better→hadn't, would rather→wouldn't, used to→didn't, ought to→shouldn't, have to→don't ∙복문은 There is no one here that you want, is there?처럼 주절에 일치시키지만, 판단동사 I think(believe, guess, imagine, suppose, presume) that… 구문은 종속절(=목적절)에 일치시킨다. |
You have to wear the seatbelt in your country, (haven't, don't) you?
I don't think the girl over there is pretty, is she? (○, ×)
I don't think he is smart, do I? (○, ×)
● 병치
| ∙대등접속사의 앞 뒤 He enjoys fresh air, sunshine, and to take long walks. (×) Her duties are to receive visitors, to check mails and typing letters. (×) She made me go back to college, study hard, and to attain a degree. (×) cf) To teach is to learn. To know is one thing and to teach is another. ∙대등 상관접속사구의 A, B The regulations are neither so simple nor obvious. (×) I waited not only for you but your sister. (×) This is not to help the employers but provide work for the newly employed. (×) Research continues both home and abroad. (×) I object to war not because it drains the economy but that it seems inhuman. (×) |
He is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad. (○, ×)
He died at the age of 70, friendless and no money. (○, ×)
● 간결성 : 중복 서술 금지
| ∙Normally, my father usually keeps early hours. (×) ∙Of nearly approximately 5,000 stars, only several hundred have proper names. (×) ∙This is a wordy and redundant article. (×) ∙The reason she lost the key was because she was careless. (×) ∙Whenever she is in trouble, she always asks me for help. (×) ∙Don't overwork yourself too much. (×) ∙repeat…again, proceed(advance)…forward, return…back, join…together (×) ∙visible to the eyes, audible to the ears, The sound sounded like… (×) cf) visible to the naked eyes, visible to one eye (○) ∙Diamonds they are the most precious of all stones. (×) ∙Strangely, that it turned out that way. (×) ∙Though he was exhausted, but he helped us. (×) ∙Because he was so excited that he didn't hear his name called. (×) |
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