접속사․ 관계사․ 전치사
● 대등접속사 관련 일반 주의사항
| ∙nothing but(=only), anything but(=never), all but(=almost, all except) ∙or의 「그렇지 않다면(=otherwise)」의 의미에 유의한다. ∙nor + V + S = and neither + V + S = and…not, either cf) nor(neither)…not, nor(neither)…either, not…too 등은 모두 틀린 형태이다. ∙for는 대등접속사이고, because는 종속접속사이다. |
The earthquake was so bad that the town has (anything but, all but, nothing but) disappeared.
cf) His work is anything but satisfactory.
Make haste, (and, but, or, so) we won't get there in time.
￭ He was not aware of what was going on then, (neither was she, nor she was, nor was she, nor wasn't she).
￭ He doesn‘t smoke, and he doesn’t drink, too. (○, ×)
For he worked hard, he must be tired. (○, ×)
● 대등 상관접속사구
| ∙both A and B(=at once A and B, A and B alike), between A and B ∙not A but B(=B not A, not A rather B), not only A but (also) B(=not only A but B as well, B as well as A, B in addition to A), not that절 but that절(=not because절 but because절) cf) both…alike, both…as well, both…as well as 등은 모두 틀린 형태이다. ∙either A or B, neither A nor B cf) not A or B |
￭ Our vacation was a disaster: not only (the food was, was the food) terrible, but the weather was awful in addition.
She has both originality as well as grace. (○, ×)
￭ Schools normally do not allow either wearing jeans (or, nor) dying hair.
He neither smokes or drinks. (○, ×)
● 명사절을 유도하는 종속접속사
| ∙that 단순사실절 : 「…라는 사실(=the fact that)」의 완전한 사실절을 유도한다. 전치사 뒤에 절(S+V)이 연결되어 있으면 틀린다. in that(…라는 사실에 있어서)과 except that(…라는 사실을 빼놓곤) 구문 이외에 that 앞에 전치사가 위치하면 틀린다. 선행사를 포함한 관계대명사 what절과의 차이를 이해한다. ∙정보명사 + that 동격절 : the fact(truth, idea, plan, opinion, notion, belief, evidence, proof, conviction, criticism, news, possibility, rumor, statement) + that 동격절 ∙whether 對 if 선택절 : whether(whether or not, whether A or B) 선택절은 모든 명사절에 쓰이는 반면, if 선택절은 타동사(know, ask, doubt, wonder)의 목적절로만 쓰이며 or not과 결합하면 틀린다. ∙간접의문문 : 의문사절(wh)이 명사절의 역할을 하는 것을 말하며, 평서문(S+V)의 어순을 취한다. 특히 Do you know who he is?와 Who do you think he is?의 차이를 이해한다. |
￭ (She is worried, That she is worried, What she is worried) about losing her job seems too untimely.
￭ (That, What) science is based around the search for truth seems meaningless today.
cf) What seems to be a small affair today will soon be a big problem.
What she is worried about is her son's health.
Building a new road requires reconsidering (for that, because of, in that) it will only deteriorate the traffic problem.
￭ She is aware of he cheated on her. (○, ×)
cf) She is unaware of what is happening.
￭ The company has notified us of that our proposal was turned down. (○, ×)
The magazine is facing a criticism (whether, that, what) it is not colorful enough.
￭ (Whether, If) this technique will be widely used remains to be seen.
￭ I‘m wondering if you can help us or not. (○, ×)
Nobody knows (whether, if) he is at home or at the office.
I'm not interested in what kind of job is he looking for. (○, ×)
￭ Who do you think broke the window? (○, ×)
● 부사절을 유도하는 종속접속사
| ∙<시간, 조건, 양보>의 부사절 속에서 미래시제는 현재시제로, 미래완료는 현재완료로 대체된다. ∙「…이래로」를 뜻하는 since 구문에서 주절은 현재완료시제로, 종속절은 과거시제로 나타낸다. ∙now (that)은 「이전까지와는 다른 현재의 이유」의 절을 유도한다. ∙as는 시간, 이유, 양태(…하듯이, …이듯이), 비례(…함에 따라), 비교(원급)의 절을 유도하며, <형용사․분사․부사․명사(무관사) + as + S + V>의 도치 양보절을 유도한다. |
It is not until we (read, will read) this book that we realize what life is.
Your job will be a lot easier once you will know the trick. (○, ×)
We will accept your offer if your products satisfy our customers. (○, ×)
￭ He (spent, has spent) his time looking for a job since he (left, has left) the army.
￭ (Granting that, Except that, So that, Now that, Would that) the weather is warm enough, we can play tennis outside.
￭ Strange (because, since, as, if) it may sound, I quite enjoy living alone.
(If, As, Because, Though) rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.
● 부정접속사
| ∙nor(=and neither, and…not…either) : 중복부정×, 무조건 도치, 대동사의 선택에 유의 ∙lest(=so that…may not, for fear that) : 중복부정×, 동사는 (should) + R ∙unless(if…not) : 중복부정×, 미래시제는 현재시제로 ∙but(if…not, that…not) : 중복부정× ex) Not a day passes but I think of her. It never rains but it pours. No man is so old but he may learn. cf) There is no rule but has some exceptions. |
The workers are unhappy but will not complain (lest that, lest, so that, unless) they might not lose their jobs.
￭ I didn't turn on the light lest I should not wake the baby. (○, ×)
￭ Unless the weather (doesn't improve, will not improve, improves, will improve), we'll have to call off the game.
It never rains but it doesn't pour. (○, ×)
● 부사절 속의 <대명사주어 + be동사>의 생략
| ∙주절의 주어와 부사절의 주어가 같을 때, 부사절의 <대명사는 be동사와 함께> 생략할 수 있다. 수험의 초점은 생략된 이후에 남는 형태가 …ing인지, …ed인지에 있다. cf) if (it is) necessary, if (it is) possible, when (it is) convenient |
￭ Milk quickly turns sour, unless (refrigerating, refrigerated).
￭ These pills, if taking everyday, can be really curative. (○, ×)
He experienced all those things when (live, is living, living, lived) abroad.
You can use the computer whenever (you are necessary, it is necessary).
● 관계대명사 관련 일반 주의사항
| ∙주격 관계대명사절 속의 동사의 수는 선행사에 일치시킨다. ∙소유격 관계대명사 whose는 선행사가 사물인 경우에 한해 <the 명사 + of which> 또는 <of which + the 명사>로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다. 이 때 the가 빠지면 틀린다. ∙관계대명사절 속에 삽입절이 들어 있는 경우 관계대명사의 격에 유의한다. ∙관계대명사 that은 제한적 용법의 모든 주격 및 목적격 관계대명사를 대신할 수 있다. 그러나 <comma 뒤>, <whose 대신>, <전치사 뒤>에 쓰면 틀린다. |
￭ You should put plants in your fish tank because they produce oxygen which dissolves in the water and keep the fish alive. (○, ×)
￭ The computer programmes which (have, has) recently been introduced (seem, seems) to be constantly developing new problems.
She asked me a question of which answer was meaningless. (○, ×)
He is a man who I think is reliable. (○, ×)
cf) He is a man whom I think reliable.
Harold keeps asking me for money, (it, that, which) makes me sick of him.
● 관계대명사 what
| ∙관계대명사 what(명사절), 관계대명사 which(형용사절), 단순사실절을 유도하는 that(명사절)의 차이를 이해한다. ∙what is worse(better, more), what is called(=what they call, so called), Reading is to the mind what(=as) exercise is to the body., What one is is more important than what one has or what one does. 등의 what의 관용구문에 유의한다. |
￭ I will throw away all these things, so you can take (that, what, which) you like.
(That, What, Which) made me leave the neighborhood was its constant crimes.
She heard a story what made her sad. (○, ×)
￭ (That, What, Which) hundreds of people are sleeping on the streets of New York with no possibility of finding a home doesn't sound real.
￭ Last weekend we went to see (that, what, which) everybody calls masterpiece and were disappointed by it.
He is not the man (what, which, who, whom, that) he was.
● 전치사와 목적격 관계대명사와의 관계
| ∙앞에 전치사가 위치한 경우 관계대명사는 생략하거나 that으로 대신할 수 없다. ∙목적격 관계대명사에 밑줄이 있는 경우는 <전치사의 누락여부> 또는 <정확한 선택여부>를 묻는 것이며, 이는 선행사를 관계사절 속에 집어넣어 봄으로써 확인한다. ∙some, most, all, each, many, much + of + which(whom) 등의 부정대명사에 연결된 관계대명사절을 이해한다. 특히 관계대명사절 속의 동사의 수에 유의한다. |
This is the house in she lives. (○, ×)
cf) This is the house in that she lives. (×)
￭ He is attempting to renew the project which I have been engaged for years. (○, ×)
￭ She has offered a new procedure to which no one readily agrees. (○, ×)
￭ We've been to the city (to which, in which, with which, of which) we are unfamiliar.
He has lots of books, (most of them, some of which, each of which) are very old.
● It be…that의 강조 틀
| ∙It be…that의 강조 틀을 이해한다. She wants to meet him in the office. → It is she that(=who) wants to meet him in the office. 〈 It is him that(=whom) she wants to meet in the office. 〈 It is in the office that(=where) she wants to meet him. 특히 피강조어가 주어일 때 that절 속의 동사의 수에 유의한다. |
￭ (Novels, In novels, It is in novels) that wolves are described as dangerous, but they actually prefer to avoid human beings.
￭ It was the winter of 1940 that are said to have been the worst winter of their lives. (○, ×)
● 의사 관계대명사
| ∙Such data as he has is really informative. This is the same car as I had before. I need as much money as he has. He is late again, as is often the case with him. ∙We have more guests than were expected. We have more guests than we expected. ∙There is no rule but has exceptions. |
The result of the tests can vary according to such faculties (that, which, as) are influenced by sex or age.
● 관계부사
| ∙…하는 방법 : the way, how, the way in which, the way that 등으로 나타내며, the way how나 the way in that은 틀린 형태이다. ∙…하는 이유 : the reason why, the reason for which, the reason that |
￭ I don't understand the way (which, how, in which, that) he solved the problem.
Do you know any means (in which, by which) we can contact him?
She used to get depressed, which is the reason (because, why, by which, for which) she committed suicide.
● 복합 관계사 : 관계사 + ever
| ∙복합 관계대명사(whoever, whichever, whatever) : <격>이 수험의 초점이며, 그 격은 관계사절 속에서 담당하는 역할에 따라 결정된다. 명사절 또는 부사절을 유도한다. I'll give this ticket to whoever wants it. You can take whichever you want. ∙복합 관계형용사(whichever, whatever) : 명사절 또는 부사절을 유도한다. You can take whichever thing you want. He may have whatever little money I have. ∙복합 관계부사(whenever, wherever, however) : however 절과 how 절의 구분이 수험의 초점이다. 부사절을 유도한다. However stupid she is, she won't believe it. (부사절) cf) They don't know how stupid she is. (명사절) |
￭ He smiled at (who, whom, whoever, whomever) came to ask him for advice.
￭ I'll give this ticket to whoever you recommend. (○, ×)
￭ He gave whoever came to the door an attractive smile. (○, ×)
cf) I have no doubt whatever(=whatsoever) about his telling us the truth.
With the gift-voucher, you can buy books, records, clothes (or) whatever.
I will appreciate whatever help you can give me.
￭ (How hard you try, How you try hard, However you try hard, However hard you try), you can't change anything.
● 장소․방향의 전치사 관련 주의사항
| ∙선․면에의 접촉 : on the + floor, wall, window, ceiling, desk, stove, lake, farm ∙출발점을 기준으로 한 방향 : leave, start, depart, head, make + for cf) go, come, return, rush, bring sb, take sb + to |
Cattle are raised in that farm. (○, ×)
The train will leave the platform to Athens. (○, ×)
● 시간 전치사 관련 주의사항
| ∙in the morning, at night과 on Monday morning, on the night of July 5의 구분 ∙in the morning, at night과 this morning, last night, next Friday의 구분 ∙for는 기간정보(얼마 동안)를 나타내며 불특정 수치적 기간과 결합한다. ex) for + days, months, ages, three days, five years, ever, a long time ∙during은 때 정보(언제)를 나타내며 특정 시점을 알려주는 한정사와 결합한다. ex) during + the night, his childhood, that time, this period, which time ∙He has been on the phone for the last two hours. cf) He has had three calls during the last two hours. ∙과거의 특정 기점․시점 : since + the accident, April 4th, last weekend, she married |
Nobody in his right mind would not go out (at, in, on) a night like this.
They left early (in, on) the morning of Dec. 14 on the honeymoon.
I stayed in Japan (for, during) two months, and (for, during) that time I met her. But I haven't seen her (during, in) years since then.
The students have been studying in the library (for, during) the last three months.
(For, During, Since) more than 10 years of political turmoil, (for, during) which Russians have gone to the polls five times, democracy is far from established.
● 그 밖의 주의해야 할 전치사 Ⅰ
| ∙blame him for the failure = blame the failure on him cf) depend on you for help = depend for help on you ∙pray, ask, call, send, hope, hunt + for (행위의 목적, 기대, 획득) chase, seek, run, take, name + after (추구, 쫓음, 따라감) on + business, leave, a picnic, a journey, an errand (용무, 용건) aim, laugh, look, make an attempt + at (겨냥, 목표) come to her rescue, go to their aid ∙양보의 전치사 : in spite of, despite, for all, with all, notwithstanding ∙by + bus, plane, air, sea, land, letter, mail, fax (방법적 수단: …에 의해서) cf) with + a pen, a knife, my eyes, his right hand (도구적 수단: …을 써서) |
Whenever children behave badly, people always try to blame the teachers (on, for) it.
If you send him (on, for) an errand, he runs away before he has heard everything you want him to do.
(In spite, Despite) her friends' warnings, Amy is determined to travel alone.
cf) Despite he is young, he is very considerate. (○, ×)
(Nevertheless, For all, Due to, By way of) violent opposition, they managed to pass anti-slavery laws.
They have always chosen to travel (by, on) a train since the accident.
● 그 밖의 주의해야 할 전치사 Ⅱ
| ∙능가, 제압, 지배, 우위 : control, command, influence, dominance, rule, victory, triumph, advantage + over cf) under the + control, influence, guidance, command, rule ∙비유적인 정도․한도 : beyond + description(words), comparison, dispute, belief, doubt, praise, measure, one's power, one's ability cf) He is above telling lies. ∙between(둘 사이에)과 among(셋 이상의 사이에)의 구분 ∙결과, 정도․한도 : be starved to death, to my joy, be bored to death, to some extent, to no purpose(avail), to the full, to the bone ∙차이, 기준․척도, 배분의 단위 : miss a flight by a minute, increase by 60%, by a narrow margin(escape), by a hair's breadth, judge sb by appearances, be known by ∙beside(…의 곁에; …을 벗어나)와 besides(…이외에도; 게다가)의 구분 |
Financial support from the government gives these firms an unfair advantage (to, about, over, with) us.
That the reports were stolen is (beside, above, beyond, behind) dispute; what we need to know is who took them.
She seated herself down among the two competitors. (○, ×)
(At, To, By) the best of my knowledge, he is the last man to deceive us.
The number of road accidents has increased (at, for, in, by, with) fifty percent during the last five years.
Besides his age, he is still too unexperienced. (○, ×)
형용사․부사․비교
● 주의해야 할 개별 형용사의 용법
| ∙「a」로 시작되는 alive, asleep, alike, afraid, alone, ashamed, awake, aware 등은 서술용법의 형용사로 명사 앞에 위치하면 틀린다. ∙「thing, body, one」으로 끝나는 복합 부정대명사는 someone reliable, anybody interested, have nothing to do with처럼 후치 수식을 받는다. ∙This book is worth reading. (○) This is a worth book. (×) ∙an able man (○), be able to R (○), be unable to R (○), an unable man (×) cf) This room is able to hold twenty people. (×) ∙I am certain(sure) that… (○), It is certain that… (○), It is sure that… (×) ∙She was pleasant to hear the news. (×) (pleasant=pleasing) |
￭ Be careful not to wake up the (asleep, sleeping) baby.
￭ We should pay more attention to all the alive animals. (○, ×)
There seem to be something strange about his behavior. (○, ×)
We picked up very worth information unexpectedly. (○, ×)
It is (sure, certain) that the drop in prices will affect the manufacturing economy.
She was very (pleasing, pleased, pleasant) to see me on the street the other day.
● 수량형용사 : 수사 관련 주의사항
| ∙기수나 부정 수 형용사(few, several, many)의 수식을 받는 <수단위>는 five hundred, several thousand처럼 단수로 나타낸다. 하지만 막연한 범위의 수는 hundreds of, thousands of처럼 복수로 나타낸다. ∙<기수 + 측정단위>가 결합하여 명사를 수식할 때, 그 측정단위는 a twenty-dollar bill, a six-year-old boy처럼 단수로 나타낸다. (복합 수 형용사) ∙분자가 1일 때 분자는 기수, 분모는 단수 서수로, 분자가 2 이상일 때 분자는 기수, 분모는 복수 서수로 나타낸다. |
￭ A few (hundred, hundreds) (is, are) supposed to stage a large-scale demonstration.
￭ From now we're going to have a ten-minutes break. (○, ×)
(Three quarter, Three quarters) of the participants were women.
● 수량형용사 : 부정 수량형용사
| ∙부정 수 형용사 : many, a number of, not a few(=quite a few), a few, few, several, a couple of + 복수 가산명사 ∙부정 양 형용사 : much, a good deal of, a large amount of, not a little, a little, little + 불가산명사 ∙부정 수량공통 형용사 : a lot of, lots of, plenty of, all, most, more, enough, some, any, no + (복수) 가산명사․불가산명사 |
￭ It will take you (many, much, not a few, not a little) hours to get there because there is (little, several, much) traffic on the road.
● 형용사간 어순 및 한정사
| ∙형용사는 대명형용사(소유격 인칭대명사, 지시형용사, 부정형용사) + 수량형용사(수사, 부정 수량형용사) + 성상형용사(일반형용사)의 순서로 쓴다. ∙대명형용사에 관사를 더해 한정사라 하며, 이들은 어느 두 개를 나란히 쓰지 않는다. ex) his this book (×), a my friend (×), most the firms (×) ∙all, both, 배수사(half, double, twice)를 전치한정사라 하며, 이들은 예외적으로 한정사 앞에 위치할 수 있다. ex) all those cars, both his bright sons, buy it at twice(half) the price ∙서수가 기수 앞에 위치한다. ex) the first two chapters, the last four runners ∙부정대명사(some, any, all, many, most) 또는 부분표시어(half, part, the rest, two thirds, 20%) + of + 「명사」 구문에서 명사는 특정집단이나 대명사로 표시한다. ex) most of windows (×), some of firms (×), all of students (×) |
Have you ever met (his pretty three, his three pretty) sisters?
We'll be moving into either of (these two new, two these new) offices next month.
We won't be able to read (those all, all those) books in a month.
His both daughters are very smart. (○, ×)
Students are encouraged to read (the first two, the two first) chapters carefully.
￭ Most of attempts to export their goods proved a failure. (○, ×)
● 주의해야 할 형용사 구문
| ∙It is + 감정형용사(glad, happy, sorry, grateful)… (×) ∙난이형용사(difficult, hard, easy, (im)possible, (un)necessary, (un)important, (in)conve nient)는 사람을 주어로 쓰지 않는다. ∙It is + 판단형용사(necessary, required, essential, urgent, important, advisable, desirable, natural, right) + that + S + (should) R |
It is sorry that you are sick. (○, ×)
￭ He thinks that (he is impossible, it is impossible) to attend the conference.
￭ She is difficult to do the task. (○, ×)
cf) He is hard to please. (○)
￭ You can write me back whenever (you are convenient, it is convenient to you).
￭ It is important that she (will read, reads, read) this instructions with care.
￭ It is necessary that every window (close, closes, is closed, be closed).
● 수량의 정도 표시에 주의해야 경우
| ∙집합의미의 명사(population, family, audience)는 large나 small로 정도를 표시하며, 이미 수치개념이 포함된 단어(price, age)는 high나 low로 그 정도를 표시한다. ∙또한 이들 명사는 How much(many)…? 대신 What…?(또는 How large…?, How high…?)을 이용해 그 정도를 묻는다. |
￭ He has a (many, large) family and lives in the house of which the price is very (much, expensive, dear, high).
￭ (How much, How many, How high, What) is the population of the Philippines?
￭ How much is the price of that? (○, ×)
● 유사 형태 형용사의 의미 구분
| ∙considerable(상당한)considerate(신중한, 친절한) respectable(훌륭한)respectful(공손한)respective(저마다의) imaginable(상상할 수 있는)imaginary(상상의, 가상의)imaginative(상상력이 풍부한) literary(문학의)literal(글자의)literate(글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는)illiterate(문맹의) industrial(산업의)industrious(근면한), broke(파산한)broken(부서진) |
He spent (considerable, considerate) time and money on the project.
If children were taught to be more (respectable, respectful, respective) towards their elders, all those crimes would not happen so often.
● 부사의 형태 관련 주의사항
| ∙형용사 그대로의 부사형과 ly형 부사의 의미가 다른 경우 : close(가까이)closely(긴밀히), deep(깊숙이)deeply(매우), dear(비싸게; 소중히)dearly(매우), hard(열심히; 단단히; 심하게)hardly(거의 …않다), high(높게; 비싸게)highly(매우), near(가까이)nearly(거의), pretty(매우)prettily(예쁘게), fair(공정히)fairly(공정히; 매우) ∙most(대부분의; 대부분; 가장)almost(거의)mostly(대체로), bad(나쁜; 매우)badly(나쁘게; 매우) |
The wind was blowing so (hard, hardly) that I could (hard, hardly) walk any more.
It is (high, highly) unlikely that they will meet each other halfway.
The book was written so (bad, badly) that I didn't get further than the first chapter.
● 형용사와 부사의 구분
| ∙2형식의 주격보어 또는 5형식의 목적격 보어의 자리에 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. ∙명사 앞의 수식어구가 <부 + 형 + 명(a completely free lunch)>의 구조인지, <형 + 형 + 명(a big free lunch)>의 구조인지 유의한다. ∙원급, 비교급 구문에서 비교되는 품사가 형용사인지 부사인지에 유의한다. |
￭ This medicine may prove poisonously if taken in large quantities. (○, ×)
￭ The food smelled so deliciously that I couldn't keep my mouth from watering. (○, ×)
￭ It is always an (extreme, extremely) difficult job to get your first novel published.
￭ The heavy soil of the Delta produces (exceptionally, exceptional) high yields of rice and wheat.
The older we grow, the more (cautious, cautiously) we become. But some people behave as (indiscriminate, indiscriminately) as ever.
● 주요 부사의 용법
| ∙very + 형용사․부사 / 원급 / …ing / the very same / the very tallest / very late ∙much + 동사, 비교급 / 최상급 / …ed / much the same / much the tallest / much too late ∙too는 긍정동의에, either는 부정동의에 쓰인다. ∙hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, neither : 중복부정×, 문두 강조시 무조건 도치 ∙A rather than B는 <B라기 보다는 오히려 A인>의 뜻이고, A other than B는 <B가 아니라 A인(=except)>의 뜻이다. |
￭ This was (the very same, very the same) church where we were married, and it looks (very, much) the same as years ago.
He is always (too much, much too) late for an appointment.
￭ You won't need a passport, and you hardly need a visa, either. (○, ×)
￭ The thief had not (even, scarcely) gone a mile when he got caught. Hardly do the police (ever, never) miss a lawbreaker nowadays.
￭ His hair covers his eyes, so that you cannot hardly see his face. (○, ×)
Being a scholar doesn't mean being a boring person with no interests (rather than, other than) science. Scholars are unsociable (rather than, other than) boring.
● 부사의 위치 관련 주의사항
| ∙긍정문과 의문문에선 still, yet 어느 것이나 쓸 수 있다. 단, <부정문>에선 still은 부정어 앞에, yet은 부정어 뒤에 위치한다. ∙형용사 enough(명사 수식)는 명사의 전후 어디에나 위치할 수 있지만, 부사 enough(형용사, 부사, 동사 수식)는 후치한다. ∙부사가 형용사․부사를 수식할 때는 바로 앞에서 수식한다. ∙<타동사 + 부사>의 타동사구는 목적어가 대명사인 경우는 turn it off처럼 타동사와 부사의 사이에 위치하며, 일반 명사인 경우는 turn the switch off 또는 turn off the switch처럼 어느 쪽에나 위치할 수 있다. |
￭ Karen (still, yet) hasn't finished cleaning up the house.
￭ We got to the airport (enough early, early enough) because there was little traffic on the road.
cf) They gathered enough money(=money enough) to start a new business.
￭ I know (how it is difficult, how difficult it is) to finish it in a day.
cf) However stupid she is, she won't believe it.
"Do I need to wear the seatbelt?" "Sure, you should (put on it, put it on).
cf) Look at the picture. Look into it more carefully.
● 비교구문에서 부정어 및 정도표시 부사어의 위치 : 약속 틀 바로 앞
| ∙He is almost(nearly, just, exactly, half, twice, not) as bright as she. ∙He is much(even, still, far, by far, a lot, a little, twice, not) brighter than she. ∙He is much(far, by far, not) the brightest boy in the class. (=the very brightest boy) |
￭ In Spain football is (many times as popular, as many times popular) as bullfighting.
Car prices in Britain are (very higher, much higher) than those in other countries
￭ He is (much the, the much, very the, the very) cleverest man I ever know.
● 비교구문 일반 주의사항
| ∙형용사나 부사를 비교급․최상급으로 쓸 때 <er, est>의 형태와 <more, most>의 형태를 이중으로 겹쳐 쓰면 틀린다. cf) the impatientest student (×) ∙집단한정 비교(…중에서) : 비교 틀의 선택에 유의하고, the를 생략하지 않는다. 비교급 : He is the politer of the two. (of the twins, of the ears, between the two) 최상급 : He is the politest of the three. (of all, among them, in the company) ∙동일인․물 비교 원급 : He is as tall as (tall) can be. He acted as wisely as possible.(=as…as one can) 비교급 : He is more polite than shy. (=rather…than) 최상급 : She is happiest with us. This lake is deepest at this point. (the×) |
That is one of (the longest, the most longest) rivers in our country.
cf) He is less polite than she is. (○, ×)
Among the managers, he is (the politer, the politest).
This is the least dangerous method of the two. (○, ×)
● 주의해야 할 원급․비교급․최상급 구문
| ∙He is as bright as any. He is as polite as ever. ∙not so much a father as a dictator = not a father so much as a dictator = less a father than a dictator = more a dictator than a father = rather a dictator than a father = a dictator rather than a father ∙He has as many as five kids. He has gained as much as 10 pounds. ∙이미 비교급 형태인 superior, senior, preferable 등의 라틴계 비교급은 그 앞에 more, very가 오면 틀린다. 또한 뒤에도 than이 아닌 「to」를 이용하여 비교대상을 취한다. ∙이중 비교구문 : 원급 및 비교급 중 어느 한 틀이 누락되지 않도록 유의한다. ex) He is as clever as or possibly cleverer than she is. ∙동일인․물 최상급 비교, 소유격 뒤의 최상급, 부사의 최상급은 the를 붙이지 않는다. |
"He is not so much a manager (as, than) a tyrant." "Right! He is (more, less) a manager than a tyrant.
￭ The new president is (more, very, much, far) superior to the old one. And for him, retraining the existing employees is (more, rather) preferable to hiring new ones.
He is as clever as, if not cleverer, she is. (○, ×)
cf) He is as clever as she, if not cleverer. (○)
At that time China was the world's (most, the most) powerful country.
● 원급 및 비교급을 이용한 최상급 의미 표현
| ∙He is the politest manager in the company. (최상급) ∙No manager in the company is so polite as he. (원급) ≒ He is as polite as any in the company. ∙No manager in the company is politer than he. (비교급) = He is politer than any other manager in the company. = He is politer than (all) the other managers in the company. |
￭ (No, More, Little, Few) language is so widely spoken as English in the world.
￭ Jack is taller than any other boys in the class. (○, ×)
● 원급 및 비교급 구문에서의 비교대상의 병치
| ∙원급 및 비교급 구문에서 비교가 되는 대상은 가능한 한 동일한 문법적 구조나 형태로 나타내준다. (형태적 병치, 내용적 일치) ∙A is different from B, A is similar to B, A is like B, A outgrow(excel, exceed, surpass, top) B 등의 구문도 일종의 비교구문임에 유의한다. |
￭ To answer quickly is more important than answering accurately. (×)
￭ We should donate some money as well as working some extra hours. (×)
￭ His idea is more practical than you. (×)
￭ The climate of Italy is somewhat like Florida. (×)
￭ He studied a little longer abroad than home. (○, ×)
￭ It is just as important to submit the report in time as (do, to do, doing) it neatly.
￭ The number of female teachers far exceeds male teachers. (○, ×)
￭ It is not so much your fault as Tom. (○, ×)
잡스9급 PDF 교재
✽ 책 구매 없이 PDF 제공 가능
✽ adipoman@gmail.com 문의
✽ 유튜브 강의