특수구문 - 강조, 도치, 생략, 공통관계, 삽입, 동격, 물주구문
● 도치 - 구문상 필요한 도치
1) 의문문
What are you reading now? (의문사 + 동사 + 주어)
Do you like English? (조동사 + 주어 + 동사)
2) 감탄문
What courage he has!
How tedious life it!
3) There [Here] ∼ . 구문
There lived a poor blacksmith in the village.
There are three Kims in my class.
Here comes the bus.
cf) Here you are. (주어가 대명사일 때는 도치되지 않는다.)
4) 기원문
Long may he live!
May he rest in peace!
5) if가 생략된 조건문
Were I rich, I could help the poor.
Had I known it, I should have told it to you.
6) as를 포함한 양보 구문
Woman as I am, I may be of help to you.
= Though I am a woman, I may be of help to you.
7) so 다음 : So + V + S
Are you tired? So am I.
● 도치 -강조를 위한 도치
1) 목적어의 도치
What are you looking for? (의문사가 목적어이다.)
Who(m) do you want to speak with? (의문사가 문두에 나가면, 주로 주격을 씀)
That mountain we are going to climb.
Not a word did she say all day long. (⇒She did not say a word all day long.)
What he gave his mind to he mastered.
= He mastered what he gave his mind to. (마음을 바쳐 일한 것은 꼭 완성했다.)
Him alone can I trust.
Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee.
2) 보어의 도치
Blessed are the poor in heart. (마음이 가난한 자는 복이 있나니.)
Great was my anxiety to know the success of my measure.
Of great importance is to do one's duty faithfully.
Who is that boy?
How clever he is!
Happy is he who is contented with his lot.
The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually is.
the + 비교급에 의해 수식될 때 보어가 도치된다.
3) 부사(구)의 도치
강조하기 위하여 부사어구가 앞에 나가 도치 구문을 만드는 예가 많은데, 특히 부정을 나타내는 어구에 많다.
① 자동사 다음에 오는 부사가 문두로 도치될 때
주어가 대명사 → 부사 + 주어 + 동사,
주어가 명사 → 부사 + 동사 + 주어.
He fell down.
= Down he fell. (부 + 대명사 + 주 + 동)
Well he may be proud of his son.
The man fell down.
= Down fell the man. (부 + 동 + 명 + 주)
Down came the rain in torrents.
Here and there over the grass stood beautiful flowers.
② 타동사인 경우 → 부사(구), 부정부사 + 조동사 + 주어 + 본동사
I well remember his name.
= Well do I remember his name.
I have never seen such a wonderful sight.
= Never have I seen such a wonderful sight.
조동사가 따로 없을 땐 do를 인칭과 시제에 맞게 사용, 단 be동사일 땐 be동사 + 주어.
I little dreamed that I should never see her again.
= Little did I dream that I should never see her again.
Wealth can bring happiness to none but the wise. (none but =only)
= To none but the wise can wealth bring happiness.
Only slowly did he understand that the fire was in his own house.
Not a single word did she say.
Never did I think of him.
Little did I know that you were such a mean fellow.
little은 “거의 ～하지 않는”의 뜻으로 준부정어이나 dream, realize, imagine, think,
know 등과 함께 쓰이면 순수부정의 뜻인 “결코 ～하지 않는”이 됨.
③ not ～ until : ～이 되어서야 비로소 ～하다.
no sooner ～ than : ～하자마자 … 하다.
He did not know the fact until this morning.
= Not until this morning did he know the fact.
Not till years afterwards was he able to understand it.
She had no sooner seen him than she burst into tears.
= No sooner had she seen him than she burst into tears.
No sooner had I heard the news than I hastened to the spot.
Hardly [Scarcely] had I seen her when she ran away.
● 강조
1. 동사의 강조
동사 앞에 do를 인칭과 시제에 맞게 사용한다. 강조를 위해 사용된 do에 강세가 있다.
I know his name. (나는 그의 이름을 알고 있다.)
I do know his name. (나는 그의 이름을 참으로 알고 있다.)
I do hope you will help us.
Who did break the window?
2. 명사의 강조
very가 the, this, that, one's 등의 뒤에 쓰여서 명사를 강조할 땐 그, 바로 그,～에 틀림없는, ～까지도의 뜻이 된다.
This is the very book I have been looking for.
3. 의문문의 강조
on earth, in time world, the devil, at all, whatever 등의 어귀가 의문문에서 강조 어귀로 쓰이면 도대체, 조금이라도의 뜻이 된다.
Why on earth are you weeping? (너는 도대체 무엇 때문에 울고 있느냐?)
What on earth do you mean?
He is the most honest man in the world.
Who ever can it be?
4. 부정문의 강조
not 다음에 at all, in the least, whatever, in the slightest, by any means,
a bit, on any way 등의 어구가 오면 부정어 not을 강조하며, 조금도, 아무것도의 뜻.
He is not happy at all. (그는 조금도 행복하지 않다.)
I know nothing whatever about it. (나는 그것에 관해 조금도 모른다.)
5. 최상급의 강조
최상급에 possible을 붙여서 강조한다.
The car was running at the highest speed possible.
6. 강조 구문에 의한 강조
강조하고자 하는 부분을 It is ∼that 사이에 넣어서 강조한다.
이때 that는 who나 which로 대치할 수도 있다.
It is you who are to blame.
It is not until one gets ill that one knows how valuable health is.
It was Tom that broke the window.
7. 동일 어구를 반복하여 강조
It rained for hours and hours and hours.
The door opened very, very slowly.
All, all are gone.
8. 접속사 and를 생략하여 절박감을 나타내는 경우
I came, I saw, I conquered. - Caesar -
9. 재귀대명사의 강조 용법
I myself will do it. = I will do it myself.
It is simplicity itself.
추상명사 + itself = all + 추상명사 = very + 형용사
● 생략
문장에서 일부분을 생략해도 의미가 분명할 경우엔 생략한다. 품사가 거의 모두 다 생략될 수 있고 생략의 경우도 무한히 많다.
1. 주어 + be동사의 생략
when, while, though, if, as if, wherever 등이 이끄는 부사절에서 주어가 주절의 주어와 같고 동사가 be동사인 경우엔 주어 + be동사가 생략되는 경우가 많음.
When (he was) a boy, he liked to play tennis.
Insert commas wherever (they are) needed.
Though (he is) poor, he is very generous.
Come with me, if (it is) possible.
While (I was) reading, I fell asleep.
You must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old.
(I am blessed) If I haven't lost my watch.
If (it is) possible, help me with English composition.
Correct the errors, if (there are) any (mistakes).
2. 반복을 피하기 위한 생략
Some people go to the mountain, others (go) to the seaside.
To some life is pleasure; to others (life is) suffering.
The sun shines in the daytime and the moon (shines) at night.
I meant to call, but (I) had no time to (call).
God made the earth, man (made) the town.
He was thirty years old, and his wife (was) twenty-four (years old).
He likes you better that I (like you).
He likes you better than (he likes) me.
He is not so much respected as (he) might be expected (to be respected).
3. 관용적인 생략
관용어구, 인사말, 격언, 게시 용어 등에서 관용적으로 생략 가능.
(It is) So much for today.
(I wish you a) Good morning.
(If a man is) Out of sight, (he will go) out of mind.
(If you take) No pains, (you will get) no gains.
(It is) Well done!
If only he were here (how happy I should be)!
(If there are) So many men, (there are) so many minds.
(Keep your) Hands off.
Safety (comes) first.
Shop-girls (are) wanted.
4. 명령문, 감탄문, 일기문에서의 생략
(You) Don't make a noise.
What a noise (it is)!
(It was) Fine and warm. (I) Got up at six. (일기문에서는 주어 생략)
● 공통관계
My sister, not my mother, went with me. (went는 sister와 mother의 공통어)
His energy is not and cannot be what it was.
(what it was는 is not과 cannot be에 공통으로 걸린다.)
We can, and indeed must help the poor.
Passions weaken, but habits strengthen, with age.
A man of virtue, and not of wealth, deserves our respect.
I went home, and watched television.
We cannot live by and for ourselves.
● 삽입
문맥에 상관없이 앞에 나오는 말을 부가적으로, 구체적으로 설명하기 위한 단어나 구, 절 등을 문장 중간에 삽입하는 경우.
He was, indeed, a good boy.
He is, I believe, a great statesman.
= I believe that he is a great statesman.
This is, I am sure, what he means.
Who do you suppose that gentleman is?
This is the book which everybody thinks is very interesting.
The boy, who was honest, was loved by all the neighbors.
He is, as I told you before, a very clever boy.
● 동격
명사 또는 명사 상당어구가 앞에 나온 낱말과 equal 관계로서 설명, 수식하는 경우, 명사, 부정사, 명사절 등이 쓰임.
Mr. Brown, an English teacher, lives in the next door.
He gave up the idea of borrowing money. (동격의 of)
Graham Bell, an American scientist, invented the telephone.
He has but one aim in life, to make money.
The fact that he is poor is known to everybody.
The question arose who was to receive him.
I am apt to judge my fellow men in comparison with myself, a wrong and foolish thing to do.
● 물주구문(物主構文)
물주구문이란 말 그대로 사물이 주어가 되는 구문이란 뜻이다. 원래는 사람이 주어로 쓰여야 되는 문장에서 사람 대신 사물이 주어로 쓰인 경우 주어를 부사적으로 해석하면 된다.
1. 물주 + enable + O + to do ∼
= 사람주어(人主) + can + V ∼
= 사람주어 + be able to + V ∼
People can travel through the air by airplanes.
= Airplanes enable people to travel through the air.
2. 사람주어 + cannot + 동사 ～
= 물주 + prevent (keep, prohibits, hinders) + O + from + 동명사 ～
= 물주 + forbid + O + to 부정사 ～
As I am ill, I cannot attend the meeting.
= Because of my illness, I cannot attend the meeting.
= My illness prevents me from attending the meeting.
= My illness forbids me to attend the meeting.
3. 사람주어 + have to (=must) + 동사 ～: ～해야 한다.
= 물주 + force (compel, oblige) + O + to 부정사 ～
: O로 하여금 ～ 하도록 강요하다.
He had to put off his departure because of the rain.
= The rain forced (compel, oblige) him to put off his departure.
4. why + 조동사 + S + VR ～?
= what + make + O + VR(또는 형용사)?
Why do you think so?
= What make you think so?
You have come here for that reason.
for what.
why.
= For what have you come here?
Why
= What have you come here for?
why와 for는 함께 쓰일 수 없음
5. 사람주어 + go 또는 get to ～
= 물주 + take + 사람 목적어 ～
We rode in a bus for an hour, and got to the park.
= An hour's bus ride took us to the park.
= It took us an hour to get to the park.
= It took an hour for us to get to the park.
How long does it take to ～ ? : ～하는데 얼마나 걸립니까?
It takes + 사람 + 시간 + to ～
시간 + for + 목적격 + to ～
: 사람이 ～하는데 얼마의 시간이 걸리다.
A : How long does it take to go home?
B : It take me an hour (to go home)
6. 사람주어 + come, reach ～
= 물주 + bring + O ～
When she heard the cry, she came to the spot.
= The cry brought her to the spot.
= 그녀가 그 외침 소리를 듣고, 그 장소로 왔다.
7. 사람주어 + have, derive + O
= 물주 + give + 사람(I.O) + 물건(D.O)
I have a good appetite after a short walk.
= A short walk gives me a good appetite.
8. 이유부사구, 이유부사절이 있을 때
= 물주 + make, cause, drive + O + to부정사, 형용사, p.p
He got angry because they laughed. (이유부사절)
= Their laughter made him get angry.
9. 무생물 주어가 조건을 나타낼 때
A glance at the map will show you the way to the airport. (물주구문)
= If you glance at the map, you will find the way to the airport. (인주구문)
약을 복용하다 는 drink나 eat를 쓰지 않고 take를 사용한다.
기출문제(도치와 어순)
(1) Do you think who the speaker is?
(2) I have no idea where is the nearest bank around here.
(3) Had they followed my order, they would not have been punished.
(4) An experiment done with American astronauts made it clear how important physical activity is in maintaining strong, healthy bones.
(5) On no account must strangers be let in.
(6) Should the wound be inflamed, call me at once.
(7) Not until they began cultivating tobacco for sale abroad they could finance their activities and develop their country.
(8) How long does it take you to become physically fit depends on how unfit you are when you start.
(9) Not only were the Palm Beach Post our local paper, it was also the source of half of our household income.
(10) The number of people taking cruises continue to rise and so does the number of complaints about cruise lines.
(11) Poor as she is, she is honest and diligent.
(12) Never did I dream that I could see her again.
(13) Only if you can solve this problem will you be admitted.
(14) They have prepared for the exam so hard, and so I did.
(15) Should you need any information, do not hesitate to contact me.
(16) For a computer to solve a problem, not only must the solution be very detailed, it must be written in a form the computer can understand.
(17) Hardly had I got into the building when it began to rain.
(18) Not only have roaches been around a long time, but chances are that they’ll be on earth even after people are gone.
(19) Little did she realize what I was trying to say.
(20) They need to know who e-mail senders are.
(21) At certain times may this door be left unlocked.
(22) Eloquent though she was, she could not persuade him.
(23) So vigorously did he protest that they reconsidered his case.
(24) The sea has its currents, as do the river and the lake.
(25) Only in this way is it possible to explain their actions.
(26) Under no circumstances you should not leave here.
(27) Nestled in the atmosphere is clouds of liquid water and ice crystals.
(28) As our knowledge of emotional intelligence continues to evolve, so does this book on emotional and social intelligence.
(29) I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident.
(30) Giving students opportunities to improve their work before they hand it in helps anxious children, as do providing clear, ambiguous instructions.
(31) Inside the examination room we could neither smoke nor talk.
정답
(1) Do you think who the speaker is? (X)
→ Who do you think the speaker is?
(2) I have no idea where is the nearest bank around here. (X)
→ the nearest bank around here is
(3) Had they followed my order, they would not have been punished. (O)
(4) An experiment done with American astronauts made it clear how important physical activity is in maintaining strong, healthy bones. (O)
(5) On no account must strangers be let in. (O)
(6) Should the wound be inflamed, call me at once.(O)
(7) Not until they began cultivating tobacco for sale abroad they could finance their activities and develop their country. (X)
→ could they finance
(8) How long does it take you to become physically fit depends on how unfit you are when you start.(X)
→ How long it takes
(9) Not only were the Palm Beach Post our local paper, it was also the source of half of our household income.(X)
→ was
(10) The number of people taking cruises continue to rise and so does the number of complaints about cruise lines.(X)
→ continues
(11) Poor as she is, she is honest and diligent. (O)
(12) Never did I dream that I could see her again. (O)
(13) Only if you can solve this problem will you be admitted. (O)
(14) They have prepared for the exam so hard, and so I did. (X)
→ so have I
(15) Should you need any information, do not hesitate to contact me. (O)
(16) For a computer to solve a problem, not only must the solution be very detailed, it must be written in a form the computer can understand. (O)
(17) Hardly had I got into the building when it began to rain. (O)
(18) Not only have roaches been around a long time, but chances are that they’ll be on earth even after people are gone. (O)
(19) Little did she realize what I was trying to say. (O)
(20) At certain times may this door be left unlocked. (X)
→ this door may
(21) They need to know who e-mail senders are.(O)
(22) Eloquent though she was, she could not persuade him.(O)
(23) So vigorously did he protest that they reconsidered his case. (O)
(24) The sea has its currents, as do the river and the lake. (O)
(25) Only in this way is it possible to explain their actions. (O)
(26) Under no circumstances you should not leave here. (X)
→ should you
(27) Nestled in the atmosphere is clouds of liquid water and ice crystals. (X)
→ are
(28) As our knowledge of emotional intelligence continues to evolve, so does this book on emotional and social intelligence. (O)
(29) I never did anything by accident, nor did any of my inventions come by accident. (O)
(30) Giving students opportunities to improve their work before they hand it in helps anxious children, as do providing clear, ambiguous instructions. (X)
→ does
(31) Inside the examination room we could neither smoke nor talk. (O)
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