형식 : 의미
가정법 과거 : 현재 반대
가정법 과거완료 : 과거 반대
가정법 현재, 미래 : 현재,미래 상상
가정법 과거 : 현재 반대
If S + 과거, S + 조동사 과거(would, should, could, might)
가정법 과거완료 : 과거 반대
If S + 과거완료(had pp), S + 조동사 과거완료(would/might/could have p.p)
혼합 가정법 (과거)~했었다면, (현재)~할텐데
과거 의미 가정법 과거완료 앞부분 If S + 과거완료(had pp),
현재 의미 가정법 과거 뒷부분 조동사 과거(would, should, could, might)
시간차이 부사 : then, now
If he had followed the advice then, he would survive now.
If he had followed the advice, he would survive now.
then 없어도 과거 의미 유추 필요★
가정법 현재 : 현재 미래 상상
If S + 현재, S + 조동사 현재(will, can, may)
가정법 미래 : 불가능한 미래
① If S + should R/ happen to, S + 조동사 과거 : 가능성 희박
② If S + were to R, S + 조동사 과거 : 절대 불가능
가정법은 짝 찾기
● 가정법 현재
If S 현재, S 조 현재
● 가정법 과거
If S 과거, S 조 과거
● 가정법 과거완료
If S 과거완료, S 조 과거완료
● 혼합 가정법
If S 과거완료, S 조 과거
● 가정법 미래
① If S should R/ happen to, S 조 과거 : 가능성 희박
② If S were to R, S 조 과거 : 절대 불가능
● 가정법 과거
If I knew her name, I would tell you. (현재 모른다는 의미)
What would you do if you lost your job? (많이 쓰이는 일상 표현)
If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling.(were★)
※주어가 I, we의 경우 should 사용가능. 의미 would 동일(현대에서는 잘 쓰이지 않지만 참고)
If I knew her name, I should(=would) tell you.If I married you, we should(=would) both be happy.
※could(=would be able to), might(=would possibly) 을 쓸 경우, ‘가능했었을 텐데’, ‘아마 그랬을 텐데’ 의미를 띨 때 사용
She could get a better job if she could speak Korean.
(she could get= she would be able to get)
● 가정법 과거완료
I didn't see you when you passed me in the street. If I'd seen you, of course I would have said hello.If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.If he’d run a bit faster, he could have won.
※ 가정법 과거와 과거 완료 비교
I'm not hungry. If I was hungry, I would eat something. (현재)
I wasn't hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something. (과거)
● 가정법 현재 : 현재 미래 상상
If S(주어) + 현재, S + 조동사 현재(will, can, may)
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
※ If S + 현재, S + 현재 : 일반적인 사실을 말할 때 사용.If you heat the water to 100 degrees, it boils.
● 가정법 미래 : 불가능한 미래
① If S + should R/ happen to, S + 조동사 과거 : 가능성 희박
② If S + were to R, S + 조동사 과거 : 절대 불가능
① If you should win Lotto, what would you do?
실현가능성이 거의 낮은 ‘설마’ 수준의 미래
② If I were to be born again, I would marry my wife.
실현 불가능한 ‘절대 그럴 리가 없어’수준의 미래
● 가정법 미래와 조건
(1) If you should win Lotto, what would you do? (가정법 미래)
(2) If I were to be born again, I would marry my wife. (가정법 미래).
(3) If you save enough money, you can buy Ferrari. 돈을 충분히 모으면, 페라리 살 수 있어.
세 문장 다 미래를 나타내지만 실현 가능성에 차이
가정법 미래 표현인, (1)번 (2)번은 실현가능성이 극히 낮거나 없다
(3)번 조건절은 충분히(?) 실현 가능
If S + were to R, S + 조동사 과거 : 절대 불가능
If the technology were to become available, we could be able to expand the business.
※ know, belong, doubt, enjoy, like, remember, understand (상태를 나타내는 (의미)동사) 일 때에는 were to 사용 불가If I were to know they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money. (X)
-> If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money.
● If 생략 가정법
If S V , S V.
V S , S V. (가정법)
V S ? (의문문)
Did he know her, he would do it.
= If he knew her,
Were S ~ (가정법 과거) 일반동사는 도치가 되지 않는다
Had S p.p ~ (가정법 과거완료)
Should S R ~ (가정법 미래)
f I were single, I would be lonely. (가정법 과거)
⇒ Were I single, I would be lonely.
If I had been single, I would have been lonely. (가정법 과거완료)
⇒ Had I been single, I would have been lonely.
If I should be single, I would be lonely. (가정법 미래)
⇒ Should I be single, I would be lonely.
Were the earth to stop going around the sun, we couldn't live any more.
⇒ If the earth were to stop ~
● If 관용어
▷ if it were not for
'~ 이 없다면' 현재 반대
가정법 과거 If S 과거, S 조 과거
If it were not for me, they would be bored.
Were it not for your help, I should not try it.
But for me, they would be boring.
Without me, they would be boring.
If it were not for water, we could not live for a single day.
Were it not for water, we could not live for a single day.
But for water, we could not live for a single day.
Without water, we could not live for a single day.
▷ if it had not beeen for
'~ 이 없었다면' 과거 반대
가정법 과거완료 If S 과거완료, S 조 과거완료
If it had not been for your help, she would have failed
Had it not been for your help, she would have failed.
But for your help, she would have failed.
Without your help, she would have failed.
Without your help then, she would have failed. 과거시간부사
If it had not been for his sister, Ross would not have attended school.
Had it not been for his sister, Ross would not have attended school.
But for his sister, Ross would not have attended school.
Without his sister, Ross would not have attended school.
문제
1) If it were not for her, many people would suffer.
2) If it had not been for The Sunday Times , the truth would not have come out.
3) Without you, he would never treat me like this.
주절 '주어 would 동사원형'이므로 가정법 과거
= If it were not for you
4) But for his musical abilities, he also would have followed in his father’s footsteps.
주절이 가정법 과거완료 'would have p.p'이므로..
But for his musical abilities는 'if it had not been for his musical abilities'로
5) Were it not for me, you would be nothing.
Were it not for me는 if가 생략된 형태로 if it were not for me로
6) Without your help, I couldn't have passed the exam.
주절이 'could have p.p'가정법 과거완료
Without your help는 'if it had not been for your help'로
● I wish 가정법
I wish that S 과거동사 ⇒ 가정법 과거 ⇒ 현재 반대
I wish that S 과거완료 ⇒ 가정법 과거완료 ⇒ 과거 반대
that절 동사의 시제가 'I wish' 가정법 시제를 결정
I wish that I were Superman. (가정법 과거)
(나는 바란다/ 내가 수퍼맨이기를)
I wish that I had been Superman. (가정법 과거완료)
(나는 바란다/ 내가 수퍼맨이었기를)
I wish that I were Superman. (가정법 과거)
⇒ I am sorry (that) I AM not Superman. (직설법)
I wish that I had been Superman. (가정법 과거완료)
⇒ I am sorry that I WAS NOT Superman. (직설법)
● as if(as though) 가정법
가정법 핵심
★사실의 반대
★시제 중요
as if(as though) 과거동사 ⇒ 가정법 과거 ⇒ 현재 반대
as if(as though) 과거완료 ⇒ 가정법 과거완료 ⇒ 과거 반대
He acts as if(as though) he was a genius. (가정법 과거)
(그는 천재인것 처럼 해동한다.)
동사 was 과거 → 가정법 과거 → 현재 반대
He acts as if(as though) he had been a genius. (가정법 과거완료)
(그는 천재였던것처럼 행동한다.)
동사 had been 과거완료 → 가정법 과거완료 → 과거 반대
He acts as if(as though) he was a genius. (가정법 과거)
In fact, he is not a genius. (직설법 현재)
He acts as if(as though) he had been a genius. (가정법 과거완료)
In fact, he was not a genius. (직설법 과거)
(사실, 그는 과거에 천재가 아니었다.)
She talks as if she is the captain.★ 실재 captain
She talks as if she was the captain. captain 아님
She talks as if she is had been captain.
Sally talked as if she ( remember, had remembered ) me.
I wish I ( am, were ) an announcer.
I wish Nelson ( is, had been ) humbler at that time.
James talked ( as if, if ) he had solved the problem by himself.
Don't talk to me as if you ( are, were ) my Mom.
① 너는 마치 악몽을 꿨던 것처럼 보인다. (have)
You look as if you _______________ a nightmare.
② Alex가 중국어를 읽을 수 있다면 좋을 텐데. (be)
I wish Alex _______________ able to read Chinese.
③ 내 선생님은 마치 내가 그의 아들인 것처럼 나를 대한다. (be)
My teacher treats me as if I _______________ his son.
④ Dana가 그의 청혼을 받아들였다면 좋을 텐데. (accept)
I wish Dana _______________ his proposal of marriage.
⑤ 그녀는 마치 그녀가 기말 고사를 통과했던 것처럼 말한다. (pass)
She talks as if she _______________ the final test.
had had
were
were
had accepted
had passed
● otherwise 가정법
가정법 직설법 혼용
직설법 ; otherwise 가정법
직설법 현재 + otherwise + 가정법 과거 : 그렇지 않다면 (= if S+ V not)
직설법 과거 + otherwise + 가정법 과거완료 : 그렇지 않았다면
★가정법 조동사 확인
★otherwise의 위치가 비교적 자유롭다
I am busy; otherwise I would help you.
(그렇지 않으면, 즉 바쁘지 않으면) (주절-> 현재)
= I am busy; if I were not busy, I would help you.
I got caught in traffic; otherwise I would have been here sooner. (주절-> 과거)
Men discovered laws of nature that otherwise would have remained unknown.
I took it for granted that you knew him. Otherwise I would have introduced you.
(그렇지 않았다면, 즉 당신이 그를 안다는 것을 당연시 하지 않았었다면)
● if only 가정법
if only + present/will: 희망
If only he comes in time
=We hope he will come in time
If only he will listen to her.
if only + past/past perfect: 후회
=wish + past/past perfect
If only he dind't drive so fast.
=We wish he didn't drive so fast
If only you hadn't said, 'Liar.'
=We are sorry you said, 'Liar.'
if only + would: 현재 행위의 후회
= wish + would
If only he would drive more slowly.
=We are sorry that he isn't willing to drive more slowly.
● if 대용어구
suppose (supposing) (that) = (만약 ~한다면)
granted (granting) (that) = (~은 인정하지만, 비록 ~이지만)
provided (providing) (that) = (만약 ~하기만 한다면)
in case, on condition (that) = (~할 경우에 대비해서)
so long as, if only = (~하는 한)
Suppose (that) you are Superman, what would you do?
= If you~
Granting (that) you are Superman, you can't change a woman.
= If you~
Providing (that) I am Superman, I can do anything.
Superman. In case you meet Kryptonite, you'd better be prepared.
수퍼맨. 크립터나이트를 만날경우에 대비해서, 잘 대비하세요.
So long as you are Superman, you are invincible.
당신이 수퍼맨인한, 당신은 무적이다.
● If 구문
일반론: if는 문장의 앞뒤 와도 상관없음. (앞에 올 경우 거의 컴마(,) 사용)
사용 3가지
1. ~인지 아닌지
Ask John if he’s staying tonight.I don’t know if I will be ready in time. (간접의문문일 때에는 will 사용)
[기출 문제]
우리말을 영어로 가장 잘 옮긴 것은?
① 나는 이 집으로 이사 온 지 3년이 되었다. →It was three years since I moved to this house.② 우리는 해가 지기 전에 그 도시에 도착해야 한다. →We must arrive in the city before the sun will set.③ 나는 그녀가 오늘 밤까지 그 일을 끝마칠지 궁금하다. →I wonder if she finishes the work by tonight.④ 그는 실수하기는 했지만, 좋은 선생님으로 존경받을 수 있었다. →Although making a mistake, he could be respected as a good teacher.
정답:④ (주어 같을 경우 생략가능, 동사 ->~ing)// ①(was -> has been) ②(will set->set) ③ (she finishes -> she will finish)
2. 조건 (시간과 조건의 부사절은 미래를 나타낼 때 현재를 사용)
If you get here before night, we can catch the early train.If John didn’t come to work yesterday, he was probably ill.I’ll give her your love if I see her.
3. 가정법 (wish도 마찬가지로 생각), (would는 if절에 거의 쓰이지 않는다)
가정법 무슨 시제하면, if절에 오는 시제라고 생각하고, 주절은 조동사의 형태 변화를 생각. (가정법 미래 제외)가정법 과거와 과거완료, were to는 불가능한 상황을 가정할 때 사용.
※ If ~ will 사용주절의 결과를 나타낼 경우I’ll give you $50 if I win the lottery. 나는 50달러를 줄 꺼야/ 내가 복권에 당첨된다면(복권이 먼저 당첨되야 50달러를 줄 수 있다)I’ll give you $50 if it’ll help you to go on holiday. 나는 50달러를 줄 꺼야/ 50달러가 당신이 휴가가 데 도움이 된다면(50달러를 줌으로써 그 결과 휴가 가는 데 도움이 준다)
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