1. 동사․문장형식․태
1. There 구문의 수 일치와 도치
| ∙There, Here 구문은 주어가 대명사가 아닌 경우에 도치를 하며, 이 때 도치된 주어와 동사의 수 일치에 유의한다. |
￭ There (is, are) supposed to be a coffee machine somewhere around here.
￭ There (have, has) been a few misunderstandings over the terms of the contract.
￭ There seem to be something wrong with him. (○, ×)
2. 해석에 유의해야 할 완전자동사
| ∙do(충분하다), work(통하다, 효과가 있다, 운영되다), pay(=pay off)(이롭다, 득이 되다), matter(=count)(중요하다), go(=run)(…이다, …라고 하다)의 의미를 이해하고, 이 뜻으로 쓰인 동사가 수동태로 표시되면 틀린다. |
It sometimes is paid to be humble in an interview. (○, ×)
We'll probably never learn who stole the books, but it won't (matter, be mattered) for the time being.
3. 타동사의 수동태 의미전용
| ∙<물주주어 + sell, read, write, photograph, shrink, wash, drive + 양태부사> 구문에서 동사가 수동태로 표시되면 틀린다. |
Their new model car (is selling, is being sold) like hot cake.
The road sign is read as follows. (○, ×)
4. 2형식 불완전자동사의 보어
| ∙변화(go, run, fall, come, grow, turn, make, become), 유지(remain, keep, stay, continue, hold, lie, rest, stand), 감각(feel, look, smell, taste, sound), 판단․판명(seem, appear, prove, turn out)의 보어는 형용사 또는 명사이며, 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. |
￭ She grew (impatient, impatiently) with his constant excuses for not doing his task.
￭ The boys were wearing leather jackets and doing their best to look (manly, strongly).
￭ He appears a little more nicely in that suit. (○, ×)
Your credit card (goes, comes, holds, looks) good until next year.
5. 준보어(=유사보어)
| ∙1형식 문장에 추가되어 쓰이는 보어를 말한다. 2형식동사처럼 형용사와 명사를 보어로 취하며, 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. |
We came back home (angry, angrily) after fighting traffic for two hours.
He married pennilessly. (○, ×)
6. 감각의 불완전자동사의 보어
| ∙feel, look, smell, taste, sound는 <형용사>, <like+명사>, <as if절>을 보어로 취한다. to be나 that절이 연결되면 틀린다. |
Hearing strange sounds outside, I felt (uneasily, uneasy, to be uneasy).
The girl is really pretty―she just looks (a model, to be a model, like a model).
It doesn't look (that, as if) we'll be able to afford a vacation this year.
That doesn't sound a very practical plan. (○, ×)
He felt like a fool. (○, ×)
7. 전치사와 함께 쓰면 틀리는 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙reach(=get to, arrive at․in․on), approach, enter(속으로 들어가다), attend(참석하다), address, attack, greet, oppose(=object to) ∙discuss, mention, consider, answer, emphasize(=stress) ∙resemble, marry(=be married to), accompany(=be accompanied by․with), face(=be faced with․by), confront(=be confronted by․with) ∙await(=wait for), inhabit(=live in, reside in), leave(=start from, depart from) |
￭ Dark storm clouds were approaching to us from the west. (○, ×)
￭ We will (discuss, discuss about) the matter in more detail later.
￭ The government will not (answer, answer about) the criticism that it has done nothing about the homeless people.
￭ They have produced a cloth which (is resembling, resembles with, resembles, is resembled by) cotton closely.
The volunteers (are facing with, are faced with) many problems.
￭ "Thank you for your help." "Don't mention about it." (○, ×)
￭ They will leave from Seoul this weekend. (○, ×)
￭ She left for Japan unexpectedly last night. (○, ×)
Animals of many species inhabit in the tropics. (○, ×)
8. 재귀대명사를 목적어로 취할 수 있는 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙convince oneself of․that(=be convinced of․that), concern oneself with․in․about(=be concerned with․in․about), accustom oneself to(=be accustomed to), acquaint oneself with(=be acquainted with), seat oneself at․on․down(=be seated at․on․down), dress oneself in(=be dressed in) cf) present oneself at(=be present at), absent oneself from(=be absent from), pride oneself on(=be proud of, take pride in) |
￭ She (was convincing, was convinced) that her brother was still alive.
￭ He (concerned about, concerned himself about) the pollution problem.
￭ I can't (accustom, accustom myself) to living in the United States.
￭ He (seated, seated himself, was seated, was seated himself, sat, was sat) down.
￭ She remained (seating, seated) until he woke up.
￭ We entered the room and took a sit. (○, ×)
9. 금지․방해의 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙prevent, keep, stop, prohibit, inhibit, hinder, deter, restrain + O + from …ing ∙disable, discourage + O + from …ing cf) forbid, persuade, enable, encourage + O + to R |
￭ They prohibited shopkeepers (to sell, from selling) cigarettes to children.
￭ The hard wind kept us (to continue, from continuing) with the game.
￭ Tom wanted to join the army, but was dissuaded to do so. (○, ×)
￭ We were forbidden from entering the house. (○, ×)
10. 통고․알림의 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙inform, remind, convince, assure, advise, warn, accuse + <O + of> 또는 <O + that절> 구문에서 of와 that이 함께 쓰이거나, of 뒤에 절(S+V)이 이어지면 틀린다. |
￭ He notified us of he would resign. (○, ×)
￭ They've informed me of that your application was rejected. (○, ×)
cf) They agreed to that the plan is too short of time. (×)
There is a good chance of that she will recover completely. (×)
Despite that he is young, he is very considerate. (×)
Because of he was ill, he could not finish the assignment. (×)
11. 4형식 수여동사로 착각하기 쉬운 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙explain, introduce, suggest, propose, mention, say, announce, describe + <O + to sb> 또는 <to sb + O> 구문에서 사람(sb) 앞에 전치사 to가 빠지면 틀린다. |
￭ The chairman explained (us, to us) that the two sides meet again the following day.
He suggested (me an idea, to me an idea, an idea to me, an idea me)
￭ (He explained it to me., He explained to me it.)
I will introduce to you my wife and my kids. (○, ×)
She said me that she would stay there for more days. (○, ×)
￭ They explained me how to operate it. (○, ×)
12. 그 밖의 주요 3형식 완전타동사
| ∙thank는 사람을 목적어로, appreciate는 감사의 내용을 목적어로 취한다. ∙rob은 사람을 목적어로, steal은 훔치는 물건을 목적어로 취한다. ∙suggest, demand, hope, say + O + to R (×) ∙borrow(빌려쓰다)는 3형식동사이고, lend(빌려주다)는 4형식동사이다. ∙say(…라고 말하다)는 3형식동사이고, tell(…에게 ～을 전하다)은 4형식동사이다. |
￭ He (thanked, appreciated) me for the advice.
I'll (thank, appreciate) it if you come to help us move out.
￭ The burglar (stole, robbed) the traveler of his money.
He was stolen of his money on the way home. (○, ×)
We (hope, want, suggest, like) you to stay for dinner.
They demanded me to tell everything. (○, ×)
Will you (borrow, lend) me some money? I'm asking if I can (borrow, lend) some money from you?
￭ He (said, told) me an interesting story and then (said, told) to me goodbye.
13. 4형식을 3형식으로 전환할 때 간접목적어(IO) 앞에 쓰이는 전치사
| ∙give, show, allow, offer, hand, lend, pass, pay, promise, sell, send, teach, tell, wish + DO + to IO ∙make, buy, do, find, choose, get, prepare, fix, cook + DO + for IO ∙ask, require, request, inquire, demand, beg + DO + of IO cf) play sb a trick = play a trick on sb |
They do not normally give discounts (for, to) private customers.
He bought a ring (to, for) her, and she made a cake (to, for) him in return.
￭ They asked immediate departure (to, of) us.
￭ I will do everything that is required (to, for, of) me.
14. 4형식을 3형식으로 전환하지 않는 동사
| ∙take, cost, save, forgive, envy, spare는 간접목적어(IO)와 직접목적어(DO)의 순서를 바꿔 쓰지 않는 4형식 수여동사들이다. The trip took me an hour. (○) The trip took an hour to me. (×) It took an hour for me to make the trip. (○) |
The holiday package tour will cost (you lots of money, lots of money to you).
(I envy you your success., I envy your 녀ccess of you.)
15. 5형식 불완전타동사의 목적보어 : 형용사․명사가 목적보어로 올 때
| ∙5형식 불완전타동사의 보어는 형용사 또는 명사이며, 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. ∙consider, take, regard, see, describe, treat, define + O + as 형․명 ∙think, consider, find, believe, guess, suppose, assume + O + (to be) 형․명 ∙think of, look upon, refer to + O + as 명․형 ∙take(=mistake) him for his brother, take sth for granted, give up the dog for lost |
￭ Their reaction made me (sad, sadly).
￭ I found it (difficult, difficultly) to get the agreement from them.
People (think, think of) learning a language as a natural process.
16. 5형식 불완전타동사의 목적보어 : 동사가 목적보어로 올 때(O와 OC가 능동인 경우)
| ∙요청(ask, beg, request, require), 바램(want, need), 설득․강요(encourage, persuade, compel, drive, force, get, oblige, order, tell, urge), 허용․유도(allow, permit, cause, enable, entice, entitle, induce, lead), 기타(advise, promise, forbid) + O + to R ∙지각(see, watch, look at, feel, witness, observe, sense, notice) + O + R/…ing ∙사역(make, have, let) + O + R cf) help + O + (to) R ∙유지(keep, leave), 발견(find, discover, catch), 상상(imagine, remember) + O + …ing |
Lower rates of taxation encourage people (work, to work, working, worked) harder.
They are trying to force the government (appoint, appointing, appointed, to appoint) more women to senior positions.
￭ I used to love watching my sister (to draw, draw, drawn) pictures.
￭ I wanted to watch the film but my parents made me (to do, do, doing) my homework.
The earthquake (had, let, made) all the windows shake.
￭ They left us (wait, to wait, waiting, waited) outside.
￭ I'm really sorry to have kept you (wait, to wait, waiting, waited) so long.
￭ If they catch you (sell, to sell, selling) alcohol to a child, you'll lose your job.
17. 5형식 불완전타동사의 목적보어 : 동사가 목적보어로 올 때(O와 OC가 수동인 경우)
| ∙모든 5형식동사 + O + pp ∙미래동사 + O + (to be) pp ∙let + O + be pp |
￭ He wanted the report (typing, to type, typed, to be typed) double-spaced.
￭ As the movie was full of fun, it made the audience (fascinate, to fascinate, fascinated).
￭ Please keep me (inform, informing, to inform, informed) while you are touring Europe.
￭ I will never let this humiliation (forget, to forget, forgotten, be forgotten).
18. 3형식의 수동태 전환
| ∙자동사+전치사(laugh at, look at), 타동사+명사+전치사(take care of, pay attention to)의 수동태 전환시 전치사가 누락되면 틀린다. ∙They say that he is ill. = It is said that he is ill. = He is said to be ill. ∙They tell us that he is ill. = It is told to us that he is ill. = We are told that he is ill. |
He was very shy and couldn't stand (laughing, being laughed, being laughed at).
While his mother was away, the boy was taken care by us. (○, ×)
￭ (They say, They are said, It says, It is said) that the number 13 is unlucky.
19. 4형식의 수동태 전환
| ∙직접목적어(DO)를 수동문의 주어로 쓰는 경우, 능동문에서 4형식을 3형식으로 전환할 때 간접목적어(IO) 앞에 쓰이는 전치사를 그대로 쓴다. |
That watch was bought (to, for) her by him.
￭ To attend the meeting in time, immediate departure was asked (to, for, of) us.
20. 5형식의 수동태 전환
| ∙능동태에서의 목적보어(OC)가 그대로 수동태의 주격보어(SC)로 쓰인다. ∙지각동사나 사역동사의 원형부정사(R) 목적보어는 수동태에서는 to R로 나타낸다. |
I was asked (feed, feeding, to feed) the dog while they were abroad.
A lot of breakthroughs were witnessed (happen, to happen, happening) in the 1980s.
She was made marry a man she hardly knows. (○, ×)
21. 수동태로 나타내지 못하는 경우
| ∙that절은 수동문의 주어가 될 수 없다. ∙간접목적어(IO) 앞에 to를 쓰는 동사 중 pass, hand, send, sell, write, read와 간접목적어 앞에 for를 쓰는 동사는 사람(=간접목적어)을 수동문의 주어로 쓰지 않는다. ∙make와는 달리 사역동사 have와 let은 수동태로 나타내지 않는다. ∙재귀대명사는 수동문의 주어가 될 수 없다. ∙소유동사인 have, possess, belong to와 상태동사인 resemble, lack, become(=suit, fit)과 같은 무의지 동사는 수동태로 나타내지 않는다. |
￭ That he is ill is said by them. (○, ×)
She was bought a watch by him. (○, ×) I was passed the salt by him. (○, ×)
Jimmy was had to promise never to discuss the subject again. (○, ×)
I was let (go, to go) by him.
Himself is enjoyed by him. (○, ×)
￭ (He lacks confidence., Confidence is lacked by him).
￭ Its father is resembled by the kid. (○, ×)
22. 수동태로 표현하면 틀리는 주의 자동사
| ∙disappear, vanish, expire, emerge from, occur to, last, consist of․in․with, resign from, retire from, result from․in, belong to, apologize to, object to, contribute to, experiment on․with, remain, appear, seem 등의 자동사는 수동태(be pp)로 나타내지 못하며, 또한 전치사 없이 명사에 연결시킬 수 없다. |
￭ She (retired, was retired) six months before her contract (expired, was expired).
￭ The release of the two hostages (resulted from, was resulted from) the secret talks with the kidnappers.
￭ The United Nations (consists of, is consisted of) more than 200 individual nations.
￭ All my worries have been completely disappeared. (○, ×)
23. 유사형태의 자동사․타동사의 구분
| ∙lielaylain / riseroserisen / arisearosearisen / sitsatsat ∙laylaidlaid / raiseraisedraised / arousearousedaroused / seatseatedseated |
￭ I didn't feel well so I laid down on the bed and rested for some while. (○, ×)
￭ She lay great emphasis on the point. (○, ×)
￭ The retirement age has been (risen, raised) to 65 for both men and women.
￭ His resignation is certain to (arise, arouse) new fears about the company's future
￭ We should deal with the problems as they (lie, lay, rise, raise, arise, arouse).
2. 부정사․동명사․분사
24. 준동사의 명사적 용법 : 일반 주의사항
| ∙명사적 용법에서 의문사와 결합하는 것은 동명사가 아닌 to R의 고유 역할이다. ∙명사적 용법에서 전치사의 목적어 역할을 하는 동명사의 고유 역할이지만, 전치사 뒤에 (to) R가 결합되는 구문에 유의한다. ∙look forward to …ing, get used(accustomed) to …ing, What do you say to …ing, When it comes to …ing, with a view to …ing, lead to …ing, come near (to) …ing, be addicted to …ing, devote oneself to …ing, object to …ing, see to …ing, take to …ing, a solution(secret, key, answer, approach) to …ing 등의 <to + …ing> 구문을 <to + R> 구문과 혼동하지 않도록 유의한다. |
Could you explain to me (how filling in, how to fill in) this tax form.
￭ He does nothing but (complain, to complain) about his work.
cf) do nothing but + R = do no other than + R
￭ As there was no hot water for coffee, he could not but (boil, to boil) the water.
cf) cannot (choose) but + R = have no other choice(=alternative) but + to R = cannot help(=avoid) …ing
He knows better than (buy, to buy) such an expensive house.
￭ We bought the house with a view to (settle, settling) down there after retirement.
￭ I look forward to meeting you at your earliest convenience. (○, ×)
The new regulations will lead to (improve, improving) our water supply.
cf) It was my interest in gardens that led me to study biology.
25. 준동사의 명사적 용법 : 타동사의 목적어로 쓰이는 준동사
| ∙바램(want, expect, hope, wish, care, desire, long), 계획․결심(plan, design, prepare, decide, determine, resolve, choose, arrange), 약속․동의(promise, swear, agree, assent, consent), 기타(afford, tend, pretend, refuse, threaten, seek, struggle, strive, dare) + to R ∙완료(finish, quit, abandon), 연기․회피(delay, postpone, avoid, escape, miss, resist), 시인․부인(admit, deny), 숙고․회상․후회(consider, recollect, repent), 선호(enjoy, mind), 기타(resent, suggest, anticipate, stand, risk, practice) + …ing ∙begin, start, continue, cease, attempt, intend, like, love, hate, prefer + to R/…ing ∙remember, forget, regret, recall + to R(미래)/…ing(과거) ∙mean, stop, try + to R(…을 의도하다, …하기 위해 멈추다, …하려 하다)/…ing |
I've agreed (teaching, to teach) Sarah to drive this weekend.
￭ The government will delay (making, to make) any announcement temporarily.
They continued (to quarrel, quarreling) over who was right.
I intend trying windsurfing when summer comes. (○, ×)
￭ I forgot (to talk, talking) to her before, but I remember (to meet, meeting) her tonight.
￭ Missing the bus means (to wait, waiting) for another hour; so I mean (to leave, leaving) right now.
26. 준동사의 형용사적 용법 : to부정사의 형용사적 용법
| ∙someone to depend on, a house to live in, nothing to be afraid of, a pen to write with, a company to invest in 등의 to부정사의 후치 수식용법에서 전치사가 누락되면 틀린다. ∙‘…하기로 되어있다(예정, 의무, 가능, 의도, 운명)’를 뜻하는 <be + to R> 구문에서는 to R의 태가 능동인지 수동인지를 파악한다. ∙seem(appear), prove(turn out), grow(get, come), manage(fail), happen(chance) + to R ∙the only, the next, the first, the tallest + N + to R |
In New York, $20,000 a year is scarcely enough money to (live, live in, live on).
He has no place to live and no one to rely. (×)
￭ If you are to bring your car into the city, you (are to pay, are to be paid) extra money. And besides your seatbelt (is to fasten, is to be fastened) without fail.
￭ No proper man is to be found among them. (○, ×)
She managed fighting off her attacker. (○, ×)
They failed to provide solid security for us. (○, ×)
He was one of the first people (to apply, applying) math to practical problems.
He is the last man telling a lie. (○, ×)
27. 준동사의 형용사적 용법 : 분사의 형용사적 용법
| ∙타동사의 현재분사(interesting, boring)는 <능동사실>을, 타동사의 과거분사(interested, bored)는 <수동사실>을, 자동사의 현재분사(living, growing, remaining)는 <진행 또는 상태>를, 변이자동사의 과거분사(fallen, retired, grown)는 <결과적 상태>를 나타낸다. ∙concerning(=regarding), according to(=depending on), excepting, including, coupled with(=accompanied by․with) 등의 분사형 전치사의 형태에 유의한다. ∙명사+분사(time-consuming, thought-provoking, mouth-watering, self-made), 부사+분사(long-cherished, long-standing, hard-working, half-baked), 분사+전치사(waited-for, sought-after, unlooked-for), 형용사+명사(=의사분사)(blue-eyed, kind-hearted, strong- willed, thirteen-storied) 등의 복합형 분사의 형태에 유의한다. |
￭ I've never felt so (humiliating, humiliated) in my whole life.
￭ I longed to go home for I had had a very (tiring, tired) day. And when I finally got home (exhausting, exhausted), I turned in straight away.
￭ He wrote me a (touching, touched) letter of thanks. And the letter is (missing, missed) now.
￭ The conditions of the buildings in which the (scaring, scared) hostages were confined were (terrifying, terrified).
￭ We have noticed (growing, grown) support for the poor (want, wanted, wanting) more food.
￭ Oxidation (occurs, is occurred, occurred, occurring) the most in clouds and especially in heavily (polluted, polluting) air can be fatal.
￭ All the equipment (uses, used, is used, using) for keeping fit these days seems pretty complicated.
￭ The Prince, (accompanying, accompanied) by the Princess, spoke to many of the disaster victims in the hospital.
￭ The total cost comes to $250, tax including. (○, ×)
Vegetarian cooking isn't any more complicated or (time-consuming, time-consumed) than other kinds of food.
The (student-leading, student-led) protests had brought the country to a standstill.
28. 준동사의 부사적 용법
| ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치한 문두 to부정사구는 <목적(…하기 위해서, …하려면)>을 나타낸다. ∙Sobbing bitterly, she returned home.(동시 상황), Getting up early, he went jogging.(선 상황), She began writing a letter at 5, finishing it at 6.(후 상황), They kept me standing outside, making me angry.(후 상황), A wise boy, Bill always helps the needy.(단순 설명) 등의 부대상황 분사구문을 이해한다. ∙<with․without + 명사 + …ing/…ed>의 with 부대상황 구문을 이해한다. |
(Seeing, To see) his parents off, he went to the airport just ago.
The greenhouse effect may cause polar ice to melt, (make, made, making) the seas to rise. It may also change the world's climates, (cause, to cause, caused, causing, and causing) major changes in farming patterns.
(To be an eminent biologist, An eminent biologist), John Fagon called for greater caution against genetically modified foods.
￭ He always does his homework with the TV (turning, turns, is turned, turned) on.
￭ With night (draws, is drawing, drawn, drawing) near, they left the shop empty.
29. 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 의미상 주어
| ∙to부정사의 별도의 의미상 주어는 to R 바로 앞에 <for + 목적격>으로 표시한다. 그러나 사람의 성질․성격에 대한 칭찬 및 비난을 나타내는 인성형용사(kind, thoughtful, considerate, generous, nice, clever, foolish, stupid, rude, cruel) 구문에서는 to R 바로 앞에 <of + 목적격>으로 표시한다. ∙동명사의 별도의 의미상 주어는 …ing 앞에 <대명사는 소유격>으로 표시한다. ∙분사구문의 별도의 의미상 주어는 분사구문의 …ing 앞에 원래의 주어를 그대로 살려둔다(=독립분사구문). cf) There being nothing to do, we went to the place on foot. |
Harry attempted a couple of jokes (to, for) the guests to relieve the tension.
￭ It was stupid (for her, of her) to trust him.
How thoughtful for you to remember my birthday! (○, ×)
￭ We really appreciate (you, your) giving us so much of your time.
There is a good chance of (him, his, Tom's, Tom) coming.
Other things (are equal, being equal, equal), I'll apply for this company.
It fine, we went out for a drive. (○, ×)
30. 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 태
| ∙먼저 해당 준동사의 <의미상 주어>를 파악한 후, 그 의미상 주어와 준동사의 태 관계를 따져본다. 특히 분사구문에서의 태 관계에 유의한다. |
The food was so cold that he required it (to take away, to be taken away).
She resents (blaming, being blamed) for something she didn't do.
￭ (Taking, Taken) everyday, this medicine will work right away.
￭ (Comparing, Compared) with his novel itself, he remained relatively unknown.
￭ (Considering, Considered) one of the most advanced civilizations, the Mayans are credited with architectural development.
31. 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 시제
| ∙단순시제와 완료시제의 개념을 이해한다. 특히 분사구문에서의 완료시제에 유의한다. |
He is said to have been killed in the war.
I hoped to have met you. = I had hoped to meet you. = I was to have met you. = I hoped to meet you but I couldn't.
cf) I had hoped to have met you. (×)
He admits (giving, having given) the false information.
We thank you for (doing, having done) your best at the conference.
￭ (Failing, Having failed) once, he wants to try no more.
￭ (Teaching, Having taught, Learning, Taught) English since his childhood, he is a good speaker of English.
￭ (Not meeting, Not having met, Having not met) him before, I don't know him well.
32. 준동사의 동사적 성질 : 부정
| ∙준동사의 부정은 최초의 약속형태인 to R, V…ing, …ing의 바로 앞에서 한다. |
￭ He advised me to not believe her words. (○, ×)
￭ She seems (to have not noticed, not to have noticed) me at a glance.
We are used to not having a car. (○, ×)
￭ (Having not heard, Not having heard) from her for a long time, I miss her bad.
With the light not turned on, she wrote a letter. (○, ×)
33. 문두 준동사구의 이해 : 준동사구, S + V
| ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치하는 문두 to부정사구는 <목적>의 의미를 나타낸다. ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치한 문두 동명사구는 <전치사 + …ing>의 형태를 취한다. By …ing, On …ing, In …ing, Besides …ing, Instead of …ing, Far from …ing ∙절(S+V) 앞에 위치한 문두 분사구문은 시간, 조건, 이유, 양보, 부대상황을 나타낸다. |
To lower production costs, (the number of the employees was cut, they cut the number of the employees) to a minimum.
￭ Having been deceived by him before, (she doesn't believe him, he is untrustworthy).
(Understanding, Having understood, Understood, To understand, To have understood) how film reacts to light, you'll have to study the chemicals in the film.
(Making, You to make, For you to make, By your making) a simple telephone call, a cheque can be stopped.
￭ (To use, To be used, Using, Used) economically, this fuel can last at least two weeks.
34. 의미상 주어의 불일치가 허용되는 준동사 구문
| ∙부정사 구문 : to be honest(to speak roughly), The novel is easy to read(=to be read)., There is nothing to do(=to be done)., Who is to blame(=to be blamed)?, This is a house to let(=to be let). ∙동명사 구문 : want, need, require, deserve + …ing/to be pp, be worth + …ing ∙무인칭 독립분사구문 : 판단(considering all things, taking all things into consideration, given all things, seeing all things, judging from all things), 양보(admitting, Admitted, Granting, Granted, Allowing), 의견(Strictly speaking, Speaking of politics), 조건․가정(providing, provided, supposing, suppose) |
She herself is (to blame, to be blamed) for the breakup of their marriage.
Bobby deserves (to praise, to be praised) for his modesty.
￭ As many models as possible are worth (comparing, being compared) before deciding which one to buy.
￭ (Considering all things, Considered all things, All things considering, All things considered), we made the right decision.
￭ Man, (biologically considering, biologically considered), is the feeblest of all things.
3. 시제․조동사․가정법
35. 부사절에서의 시제의 대체
| ∙시간, 조건, 양보의 <부사절>에서 미래시제는 현재시제로, 미래완료시제는 현재완료시제로 대체된다. 그러나 형용사절과 명사절에서는 그대로 각각 미래시제와 미래완료시제로 나타낸다. |
￭ Don't forget to turn off the heat when the water will boil. (○, ×)
cf) Do you know when the concert will be held?
￭ Can I borrow the book for a day or two if you have finished reading it? (○, ×)
Even if the government (survives, will survive) this crisis, they will face enormous problems.
The road will link four cities when it (has completed, will have been completed, has been completed, will have completed).
36. 특정 시제를 통제하는 시간 부사어구
| ∙과거시제 부사어구 : last night, yesterday, two months ago(=two months back), just now(=just ago), the other day, then, at that time, (in) those days, What time…?, When…?, the first(last) time, in 1988 ∙현재완료시제 부사어구 : lately(=of late), 기점의 since 구문의 주절, up to now, so far, till now, as yet, to date, for(during, over) the last(past) 2 months ∙과거완료시제 부사어구 : long before, two months before |
￭ Women (were, have been) expected to stay at home not long ago.
￭ There (was, were, has been, have been) a lot of serious talk about a merger lately.
￭ The reports (went, have gone) missing in 1987 and nobody (saw, has seen) them ever since.
I have felt nervous the last time I travelled by air. (○, ×)
Flight cancellations are increasing since last April. (○, ×)
With local elections coming up, the Green Party (was, has been) campaigning for the last few months.
When did you last have something to eat? (○, ×)
What time have you waken her up? (○, ×)
￭ He said he had met her long before. (○, ×)
cf) We will be finished before long.
37. 과거완료시제와 미래완료시제
| ∙과거완료는 기준시점인 ‘과거시제 부사어구’를 수반하며, 잇따른(=연속된) 동작의 경우를 <과거 + 과거>로 나타내는 것과는 구분해야 한다. ∙미래완료는 기준시점인 ‘미래시제 부사어구’를 수반한다. 특히 완료의 by에 유의한다. |
I (often heard, had often heard) about her before I met her.
She was a beauty contest winner before she became president of the company. (×)
cf) My bus left(=had left) before I reached the terminal.
Medical science (will advance, will have advanced) to a considerable degree by the end of this century.
He will be an accountant by the time you get back to Korea. (○, ×)
38. 시제 관련 주의구문
| ∙He had no sooner(hardly, scarcely) said it than(when, before) he regretted it. = No sooner(Hardly, Scarcely) had he said it than(when, before) he regretted it. = As soon as(The moment․minute․instant․second) he said it, he regretted it. ∙We had not driven a mile when(=before) we ran out of gas. ∙It won't be long before we meet her. cf) It will be long before you know the outcome. ∙He has been dead for 5 years. = He died 5 years ago. = 5 years have passed since he died. = It is(=has been) 5 years since he died. ∙have gone to는 <가고 없다(결과)>의 뜻으로 1, 2인칭을 주어로 쓰면 틀린다. ∙사건 발생 순서에 따른 시제의 논리관계에 유의한다. |
￭ No sooner (has, had) he finished his speech (when, than) a young woman stood up to ask a question.
￭ Hardly the rain had stopped when the spectators returned to the stadium. (○, ×)
They (did not, had not) spent an hour before they agreed to become friends.
It won't be long before we (go, will go) on a honeymoon.
￭ My parents have been married 30 years ago. (○, ×)
I have gone to Japan this weekend. (○, ×)
Scrapped was an old law that lets husbands kill adulterous wives. (×)
I lived here for more than 30 years, and I will not move now. (×)
39. 진행형시제 관련 주의사항
| ∙while(…하는 동안에) 절의 <동작동사>는 진행형으로 나타내는 것이 원칙이다. ∙He is always complaining.(반복적 습관․동작), She is leaving for Japan.(예정된 미래)에서처럼 진행형이 꼭 ‘진행되고 있는 동작’만을 의미하지는 않는다. ∙소유․소속(have, possess, belong to, contain, own, include), 감정․심리(want, like, prefer, hate), 인식․사고(know, think, believe), 무의지 감각․지각(feel, look, smell, sound, taste, hear, see), 기타(resemble, lack, become, live, remain, appear, seem) 등의 상태동사는 원칙적으로 진행형(be …ing)으로 나타내면 틀린다. |
Keep the bacon warm while you (fry, are frying) eggs.
People working hard do so because they (want, are wanting) to get a better job.
Some food from the last night's party (is still remaining, still remains) in the freezer.
cf) They are having a hard time.
She is living in Seoul for the time being.
40. 주관적 판단동사 + that S + (should) R
| ∙제안(propose, suggest), 주장․요구(insist, urge, require, request, demand), 명령(command, order), 조언․추천(advise, recommend), 동의․재청(move, second), 조건․규정(condition, stipulate) 등 주관적 판단동사의 목적절에 오는 동사의 시제와 태에 유의한다. ∙특히 suggest와 insist 뒤의 that절이 당위절인지, 단순사실절인지의 구분에 유의한다. |
￭ They strongly suggested that the store (improves, improved, improve) its service.
￭ She demanded that the newspaper (prints, print, be printed) a full apology.
￭ At the inquiry the judge recommended that the safety procedures (update, updated, are updated, were updated, be updated).
￭ The government rejected the proposal that the hospital not be closed. (○, ×)
She insisted that she (meet, had met) him before, but her eyes suggested that she (lie, be lying, was lying).
41. 조동사 관련 주의사항
| ∙had better not, would rather not, ought not to, used not to(=didn't used to) 등의 구 조동사에서 not의 위치에 유의한다. ∙Have some more, won't you?(권유문), Wait for me downstairs, will you?(명령문), Let's go for a drive, shall we?(제안문)의 부가의문의 형태에 유의한다. ∙He used to have his own office.(예전엔 …하곤 했었다, 과거엔 …이었다), He is not used to asking a favor of people.(…에 익숙하다), Dictionaries are used to look up unfamiliar words.(…에 사용된다) 구문의 차이를 이해한다. |
￭ You (ought to not use, ought not to use) the computer without prior permission.
￭ She had not better ask her father for the car key. (○, ×)
He used not to smoking before, but nowadays he does. (○, ×)
Let's stop about here and take a little break, (will we, shall we)?
In the past parsley tea was used to making childbirth easier. (○, ×)
42. 조동사 would 관련 주의구문
| ∙used to는 과거의 규칙적 습관 또는 현재와 다른 과거의 사실을, would는 흔히 <막연한 빈도부사>와 함께 과거의 불규칙적인 습관을, will은 주어의 불변적 습성․성향을 나타낸다. ∙would like to(=want to)를 would want to로 나타내면 틀린다. ∙would rather(=sooner) leave than stay = would as soon leave as stay = prefer to leave rather than (to) stay = prefer leaving to staying = may(might) as well leave as stay ∙<would rather + (that)절>의 구문에서 that절의 동사는 가정법으로 나타낸다. ∙Would you mind if I smoked? = Do you mind if I smoke? |
When she was younger, she (used to, would) often play tennis till dusk.
A bear (will not, would not, should not) touch a dead body.
cf) Accidents will happen.
I would want to spend Christmas at home this year. (×)
cf) I would like you to spend Christmas at home this year.
￭ You would rather help people than to cheat them. (○, ×)
￭ I would rather we (go, will go, went) skiing instead of camping.
￭ Would you mind if I open the window? (×)
43. 조동사 can 관련 주의구문
| ∙cannot…without～ : …할 때마다 ～하다, …하려면 ～해야 하다 ∙cannot…too much(to excess, enough, fully) : 아무리 …해도 지나치지 않는다 |
I can not see this picture without thinking of her.
These pills can hardly be efficacious without being taken everyday.
You cannot praise your secretary for her savvy too much.
44. 조동사 need의 용법
| ∙긍정문의 본동사 need는 수(needs)와 시제(needed)가 있고, to R을 목적어로 취한다. ∙부정문(not 앞에)과 의문문(문두)에 쓰이는 조동사 need는 수와 시제가 존재하지 않으며, 원형동사(R)가 연결된다. |
￭ She (needs not, need not, need not to, doesn't need, doesn't need to) apologize.
Needs he attend the meeting? (○, ×)
45. 조동사 + have pp
| ∙조동사를 이용한 지난 일에 대한 판단은 조동사 자체의 현재형․과거형과 상관없이 조동사의 뒤를 완료시제(have + pp)로 나타낸다. ∙would have pp(…했을 것이다), may(might) have pp(…했을지도 모른다), could have pp(…했을 수도 있다), must have pp(…했음이 틀림없다), cannot have pp(…했을 리가 없다), should(ought to, had better) have pp(…했어야 했다, 근데 안 했다), would rather have pp(…하는 편이 나았을걸 그랬다, 근데 안 했다), need not have pp(…할 필요가 없었다, 근데 했다) cf) will have pp(미래완료) |
￭ He (may, must, will, cannot, would, had better, would rather, need not) have attended the meeting last weekend, but he didn't.
￭ "Why did you get angry with her?" "I don't know. I (should, should not, should have, shouldn't have)."
￭ I'd rather we (will ask, have asked, asked, had asked) him for help last week.
= We would rather have asked him for help last week.
46. 가정법의 약속 틀
| ∙가정법 과거 : If + S + 과거시제, S + 과거조동사 + R It is (about, high, the right, the very) time + S + 과거동사(=should + R) ∙가정법 과거완료 : If + S + had pp, S + 과거조동사 + have pp ∙혼합 가정법 : If + S + had pp, S + 과거조동사 + R ∙가정법 미래 : If + S + should + R, S + 과거조동사(>현재조동사) + R If + S + were to + R, S + 과거조동사 + R If + S + would + R, S + 과거(현재)조동사 + R |
If you (have, had) four kids to take care of, how could you manage it?
￭ I think it's about time we (think, thought) carefully before making any decision.
￭ If things had changed, we (might make, might have made) a bigger profit.
I wish I (will take, took, have taken, had taken) their offer at that time.
If the war had not happened, he (would live, would have lived) on the farm now.
If you were to speak Chinese, you (will enjoy, would enjoy) more opportunities.
47. If 가정절의 도치
| ∙if 가정절의 도치는 if절 속에 조동사가 있는 경우에 한하며, if를 생략하고 if절 속의 조동사를 주어 앞으로 도치시키면 된다. |
￭ (If, Because, Had, As) UN forces not intervened, a full-scale war might have erupted.
￭ He would have walked out of the job (if, as, though, had) he needed no money.
(Had, Were, Was, Be) it not for his injury, he could play in the field
I would jump down, (if, were, as, had) a fire to break out.
48. 가정법과 직설법의 혼용
| ∙한 절 속에 가정과 직설이 섞여 있는 경우에도 가정법의 약속 틀을 준수한다. ∙한 절은 가정, 한 절은 직설로 나타낸 구문에서 시제와 접속사에 유의한다. |
If she (knew, had known) that you were ill, she would have visited you.
I didn't know your number then, (if, so, but, or) I would have called you.
He took a taxi to the airport last night; otherwise he would (miss, have missed) his flight.
4. 접속사․관계사․전치사
49. 대등접속사 관련 일반 주의사항
| ∙nothing but(=only), anything but(=never), all but(=almost, all except) ∙or의 「그렇지 않다면(=otherwise)」의 의미에 유의한다. ∙nor + V + S = and neither + V + S = and…not, either cf) nor(neither)…not, nor(neither)…either, not…too 등은 모두 틀린 형태이다. ∙for는 대등접속사이고, because는 종속접속사이다. |
The earthquake was so bad that the town has (anything but, all but, nothing but) disappeared.
cf) His work is anything but satisfactory.
Make haste, (and, but, or, so) we won't get there in time.
￭ He was not aware of what was going on then, (neither was she, nor she was, nor was she, nor wasn't she).
￭ He doesn‘t smoke, and he doesn’t drink, too. (○, ×)
For he worked hard, he must be tired. (○, ×)
50. 대등 상관접속사구
| ∙both A and B(=at once A and B, A and B alike), between A and B ∙not A but B(=B not A, not A rather B), not only A but (also) B(=not only A but B as well, B as well as A, B in addition to A), not that절 but that절(=not because절 but because절) cf) both…alike, both…as well, both…as well as 등은 모두 틀린 형태이다. ∙either A or B, neither A nor B cf) not A or B |
￭ Our vacation was a disaster: not only (the food was, was the food) terrible, but the weather was awful in addition.
She has both originality as well as grace. (○, ×)
￭ Schools normally do not allow either wearing jeans (or, nor) dying hair.
He neither smokes or drinks. (○, ×)
51. 명사절을 유도하는 종속접속사
| ∙that 단순사실절 : 「…라는 사실(=the fact that)」의 완전한 사실절을 유도한다. 전치사 뒤에 절(S+V)이 연결되어 있으면 틀린다. in that(…라는 사실에 있어서)과 except that(…라는 사실을 빼놓곤) 구문 이외에 that 앞에 전치사가 위치하면 틀린다. 선행사를 포함한 관계대명사 what절과의 차이를 이해한다. ∙정보명사 + that 동격절 : the fact(truth, idea, plan, opinion, notion, belief, evidence, proof, conviction, criticism, news, possibility, rumor, statement) + that 동격절 ∙whether 對 if 선택절 : whether(whether or not, whether A or B) 선택절은 모든 명사절에 쓰이는 반면, if 선택절은 타동사(know, ask, doubt, wonder)의 목적절로만 쓰이며 or not과 결합하면 틀린다. ∙간접의문문 : 의문사절(wh)이 명사절의 역할을 하는 것을 말하며, 평서문(S+V)의 어순을 취한다. 특히 Do you know who he is?와 Who do you think he is?의 차이를 이해한다. |
￭ (She is worried, That she is worried, What she is worried) about losing her job seems too untimely.
￭ (That, What) science is based around the search for truth seems meaningless today.
cf) What seems to be a small affair today will soon be a big problem.
What she is worried about is her son's health.
Building a new road requires reconsidering (for that, because of, in that) it will only deteriorate the traffic problem.
￭ She is aware of he cheated on her. (○, ×)
cf) She is unaware of what is happening.
￭ The company has notified us of that our proposal was turned down. (○, ×)
The magazine is facing a criticism (whether, that, what) it is not colorful enough.
￭ (Whether, If) this technique will be widely used remains to be seen.
￭ I‘m wondering if you can help us or not. (○, ×)
Nobody knows (whether, if) he is at home or at the office.
I'm not interested in what kind of job is he looking for. (○, ×)
￭ Who do you think broke the window? (○, ×)
52. 부사절을 유도하는 종속접속사
| ∙<시간, 조건, 양보>의 부사절 속에서 미래시제는 현재시제로, 미래완료는 현재완료로 대체된다. ∙「…이래로」를 뜻하는 since 구문에서 주절은 현재완료시제로, 종속절은 과거시제로 나타낸다. ∙now (that)은 「이전까지와는 다른 현재의 이유」의 절을 유도한다. ∙as는 시간, 이유, 양태(…하듯이, …이듯이), 비례(…함에 따라), 비교(원급)의 절을 유도하며, <형용사․분사․부사․명사(무관사) + as + S + V>의 도치 양보절을 유도한다. |
It is not until we (read, will read) this book that we realize what life is.
Your job will be a lot easier once you will know the trick. (○, ×)
We will accept your offer if your products satisfy our customers. (○, ×)
￭ He (spent, has spent) his time looking for a job since he (left, has left) the army.
￭ (Granting that, Except that, So that, Now that, Would that) the weather is warm enough, we can play tennis outside.
￭ Strange (because, since, as, if) it may sound, I quite enjoy living alone.
(If, As, Because, Though) rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.
53. 부정접속사
| ∙nor(=and neither, and…not…either) : 중복부정×, 무조건 도치, 대동사의 선택에 유의 ∙lest(=so that…may not, for fear that) : 중복부정×, 동사는 (should) + R ∙unless(if…not) : 중복부정×, 미래시제는 현재시제로 ∙but(if…not, that…not) : 중복부정× ex) Not a day passes but I think of her. It never rains but it pours. No man is so old but he may learn. cf) There is no rule but has some exceptions. |
The workers are unhappy but will not complain (lest that, lest, so that, unless) they might not lose their jobs.
￭ I didn't turn on the light lest I should not wake the baby. (○, ×)
￭ Unless the weather (doesn't improve, will not improve, improves, will improve), we'll have to call off the game.
It never rains but it doesn't pour. (○, ×)
54. 부사절 속의 <대명사주어 + be동사>의 생략
| ∙주절의 주어와 부사절의 주어가 같을 때, 부사절의 <대명사는 be동사와 함께> 생략할 수 있다. 수험의 초점은 생략된 이후에 남는 형태가 …ing인지, …ed인지에 있다. cf) if (it is) necessary, if (it is) possible, when (it is) convenient |
￭ Milk quickly turns sour, unless (refrigerating, refrigerated).
￭ These pills, if taking everyday, can be really curative. (○, ×)
He experienced all those things when (live, is living, living, lived) abroad.
You can use the computer whenever (you are necessary, it is necessary).
55. 관계대명사 관련 일반 주의사항
| ∙주격 관계대명사절 속의 동사의 수는 선행사에 일치시킨다. ∙소유격 관계대명사 whose는 선행사가 사물인 경우에 한해 <the 명사 + of which> 또는 <of which + the 명사>로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다. 이 때 the가 빠지면 틀린다. ∙관계대명사절 속에 삽입절이 들어 있는 경우 관계대명사의 격에 유의한다. ∙관계대명사 that은 제한적 용법의 모든 주격 및 목적격 관계대명사를 대신할 수 있다. 그러나 <comma 뒤>, <whose 대신>, <전치사 뒤>에 쓰면 틀린다. |
￭ You should put plants in your fish tank because they produce oxygen which dissolves in the water and keep the fish alive. (○, ×)
￭ The computer programmes which (have, has) recently been introduced (seem, seems) to be constantly developing new problems.
She asked me a question of which answer was meaningless. (○, ×)
He is a man who I think is reliable. (○, ×)
cf) He is a man whom I think reliable.
Harold keeps asking me for money, (it, that, which) makes me sick of him.
56. 관계대명사 what
| ∙관계대명사 what(명사절), 관계대명사 which(형용사절), 단순사실절을 유도하는 that(명사절)의 차이를 이해한다. ∙what is worse(better, more), what is called(=what they call, so called), Reading is to the mind what(=as) exercise is to the body., What one is is more important than what one has or what one does. 등의 what의 관용구문에 유의한다. |
￭ I will throw away all these things, so you can take (that, what, which) you like.
(That, What, Which) made me leave the neighborhood was its constant crimes.
She heard a story what made her sad. (○, ×)
￭ (That, What, Which) hundreds of people are sleeping on the streets of New York with no possibility of finding a home doesn't sound real.
￭ Last weekend we went to see (that, what, which) everybody calls masterpiece and were disappointed by it.
He is not the man (what, which, who, whom, that) he was.
57. 전치사와 목적격 관계대명사와의 관계
| ∙앞에 전치사가 위치한 경우 관계대명사는 생략하거나 that으로 대신할 수 없다. ∙목적격 관계대명사에 밑줄이 있는 경우는 <전치사의 누락여부> 또는 <정확한 선택여부>를 묻는 것이며, 이는 선행사를 관계사절 속에 집어넣어 봄으로써 확인한다. ∙some, most, all, each, many, much + of + which(whom) 등의 부정대명사에 연결된 관계대명사절을 이해한다. 특히 관계대명사절 속의 동사의 수에 유의한다. |
This is the house in she lives. (○, ×)
cf) This is the house in that she lives. (×)
￭ He is attempting to renew the project which I have been engaged for years. (○, ×)
￭ She has offered a new procedure to which no one readily agrees. (○, ×)
￭ We've been to the city (to which, in which, with which, of which) we are unfamiliar.
He has lots of books, (most of them, some of which, each of which) are very old.
58. It be…that의 강조 틀
| ∙It be…that의 강조 틀을 이해한다. She wants to meet him in the office. → It is she that(=who) wants to meet him in the office. 〈 It is him that(=whom) she wants to meet in the office. 〈 It is in the office that(=where) she wants to meet him. 특히 피강조어가 주어일 때 that절 속의 동사의 수에 유의한다. |
￭ (Novels, In novels, It is in novels) that wolves are described as dangerous, but they actually prefer to avoid human beings.
￭ It was the winter of 1940 that are said to have been the worst winter of their lives. (○, ×)
59. 의사 관계대명사
| ∙Such data as he has is really informative. This is the same car as I had before. I need as much money as he has. He is late again, as is often the case with him. ∙We have more guests than were expected. We have more guests than we expected. ∙There is no rule but has exceptions. |
The result of the tests can vary according to such faculties (that, which, as) are influenced by sex or age.
60. 관계부사
| ∙…하는 방법 : the way, how, the way in which, the way that 등으로 나타내며, the way how나 the way in that은 틀린 형태이다. ∙…하는 이유 : the reason why, the reason for which, the reason that |
￭ I don't understand the way (which, how, in which, that) he solved the problem.
Do you know any means (in which, by which) we can contact him?
She used to get depressed, which is the reason (because, why, by which, for which) she committed suicide.
61. 복합 관계사 : 관계사 + ever
| ∙복합 관계대명사(whoever, whichever, whatever) : <격>이 수험의 초점이며, 그 격은 관계사절 속에서 담당하는 역할에 따라 결정된다. 명사절 또는 부사절을 유도한다. I'll give this ticket to whoever wants it. You can take whichever you want. ∙복합 관계형용사(whichever, whatever) : 명사절 또는 부사절을 유도한다. You can take whichever thing you want. He may have whatever little money I have. ∙복합 관계부사(whenever, wherever, however) : however 절과 how 절의 구분이 수험의 초점이다. 부사절을 유도한다. However stupid she is, she won't believe it. (부사절) cf) They don't know how stupid she is. (명사절) |
￭ He smiled at (who, whom, whoever, whomever) came to ask him for advice.
￭ I'll give this ticket to whoever you recommend. (○, ×)
￭ He gave whoever came to the door an attractive smile. (○, ×)
cf) I have no doubt whatever(=whatsoever) about his telling us the truth.
With the gift-voucher, you can buy books, records, clothes (or) whatever.
I will appreciate whatever help you can give me.
￭ (How hard you try, How you try hard, However you try hard, However hard you try), you can't change anything.
62. 장소․방향의 전치사 관련 주의사항
| ∙선․면에의 접촉 : on the + floor, wall, window, ceiling, desk, stove, lake, farm ∙출발점을 기준으로 한 방향 : leave, start, depart, head, make + for cf) go, come, return, rush, bring sb, take sb + to |
Cattle are raised in that farm. (○, ×)
The train will leave the platform to Athens. (○, ×)
63. 시간 전치사 관련 주의사항
| ∙in the morning, at night과 on Monday morning, on the night of July 5의 구분 ∙in the morning, at night과 this morning, last night, next Friday의 구분 ∙for는 기간정보(얼마 동안)를 나타내며 불특정 수치적 기간과 결합한다. ex) for + days, months, ages, three days, five years, ever, a long time ∙during은 때 정보(언제)를 나타내며 특정 시점을 알려주는 한정사와 결합한다. ex) during + the night, his childhood, that time, this period, which time ∙He has been on the phone for the last two hours. cf) He has had three calls during the last two hours. ∙과거의 특정 기점․시점 : since + the accident, April 4th, last weekend, she married |
Nobody in his right mind would not go out (at, in, on) a night like this.
They left early (in, on) the morning of Dec. 14 on the honeymoon.
I stayed in Japan (for, during) two months, and (for, during) that time I met her. But I haven't seen her (during, in) years since then.
The students have been studying in the library (for, during) the last three months.
(For, During, Since) more than 10 years of political turmoil, (for, during) which Russians have gone to the polls five times, democracy is far from established.
64. 그 밖의 주의해야 할 전치사 Ⅰ
| ∙blame him for the failure = blame the failure on him cf) depend on you for help = depend for help on you ∙pray, ask, call, send, hope, hunt + for (행위의 목적, 기대, 획득) chase, seek, run, take, name + after (추구, 쫓음, 따라감) on + business, leave, a picnic, a journey, an errand (용무, 용건) aim, laugh, look, make an attempt + at (겨냥, 목표) come to her rescue, go to their aid ∙양보의 전치사 : in spite of, despite, for all, with all, notwithstanding ∙by + bus, plane, air, sea, land, letter, mail, fax (방법적 수단: …에 의해서) cf) with + a pen, a knife, my eyes, his right hand (도구적 수단: …을 써서) |
Whenever children behave badly, people always try to blame the teachers (on, for) it.
If you send him (on, for) an errand, he runs away before he has heard everything you want him to do.
(In spite, Despite) her friends' warnings, Amy is determined to travel alone.
cf) Despite he is young, he is very considerate. (○, ×)
(Nevertheless, For all, Due to, By way of) violent opposition, they managed to pass anti-slavery laws.
They have always chosen to travel (by, on) a train since the accident.
65. 그 밖의 주의해야 할 전치사 Ⅱ
| ∙능가, 제압, 지배, 우위 : control, command, influence, dominance, rule, victory, triumph, advantage + over cf) under the + control, influence, guidance, command, rule ∙비유적인 정도․한도 : beyond + description(words), comparison, dispute, belief, doubt, praise, measure, one's power, one's ability cf) He is above telling lies. ∙between(둘 사이에)과 among(셋 이상의 사이에)의 구분 ∙결과, 정도․한도 : be starved to death, to my joy, be bored to death, to some extent, to no purpose(avail), to the full, to the bone ∙차이, 기준․척도, 배분의 단위 : miss a flight by a minute, increase by 60%, by a narrow margin(escape), by a hair's breadth, judge sb by appearances, be known by ∙beside(…의 곁에; …을 벗어나)와 besides(…이외에도; 게다가)의 구분 |
Financial support from the government gives these firms an unfair advantage (to, about, over, with) us.
That the reports were stolen is (beside, above, beyond, behind) dispute; what we need to know is who took them.
She seated herself down among the two competitors. (○, ×)
(At, To, By) the best of my knowledge, he is the last man to deceive us.
The number of road accidents has increased (at, for, in, by, with) fifty percent during the last five years.
Besides his age, he is still too unexperienced. (○, ×)
5. 형용사․부사․비교
66. 주의해야 할 개별 형용사의 용법
| ∙「a」로 시작되는 alive, asleep, alike, afraid, alone, ashamed, awake, aware 등은 서술용법의 형용사로 명사 앞에 위치하면 틀린다. ∙「thing, body, one」으로 끝나는 복합 부정대명사는 someone reliable, anybody interested, have nothing to do with처럼 후치 수식을 받는다. ∙This book is worth reading. (○) This is a worth book. (×) ∙an able man (○), be able to R (○), be unable to R (○), an unable man (×) cf) This room is able to hold twenty people. (×) ∙I am certain(sure) that… (○), It is certain that… (○), It is sure that… (×) ∙She was pleasant to hear the news. (×) (pleasant=pleasing) |
￭ Be careful not to wake up the (asleep, sleeping) baby.
￭ We should pay more attention to all the alive animals. (○, ×)
There seem to be something strange about his behavior. (○, ×)
We picked up very worth information unexpectedly. (○, ×)
It is (sure, certain) that the drop in prices will affect the manufacturing economy.
She was very (pleasing, pleased, pleasant) to see me on the street the other day.
67. 수량형용사 : 수사 관련 주의사항
| ∙기수나 부정 수 형용사(few, several, many)의 수식을 받는 <수단위>는 five hundred, several thousand처럼 단수로 나타낸다. 하지만 막연한 범위의 수는 hundreds of, thousands of처럼 복수로 나타낸다. ∙<기수 + 측정단위>가 결합하여 명사를 수식할 때, 그 측정단위는 a twenty-dollar bill, a six-year-old boy처럼 단수로 나타낸다. (복합 수 형용사) ∙분자가 1일 때 분자는 기수, 분모는 단수 서수로, 분자가 2 이상일 때 분자는 기수, 분모는 복수 서수로 나타낸다. |
￭ A few (hundred, hundreds) (is, are) supposed to stage a large-scale demonstration.
￭ From now we're going to have a ten-minutes break. (○, ×)
(Three quarter, Three quarters) of the participants were women.
68. 수량형용사 : 부정 수량형용사
| ∙부정 수 형용사 : many, a number of, not a few(=quite a few), a few, few, several, a couple of + 복수 가산명사 ∙부정 양 형용사 : much, a good deal of, a large amount of, not a little, a little, little + 불가산명사 ∙부정 수량공통 형용사 : a lot of, lots of, plenty of, all, most, more, enough, some, any, no + (복수) 가산명사․불가산명사 |
￭ It will take you (many, much, not a few, not a little) hours to get there because there is (little, several, much) traffic on the road.
69. 형용사간 어순 및 한정사
| ∙형용사는 대명형용사(소유격 인칭대명사, 지시형용사, 부정형용사) + 수량형용사(수사, 부정 수량형용사) + 성상형용사(일반형용사)의 순서로 쓴다. ∙대명형용사에 관사를 더해 한정사라 하며, 이들은 어느 두 개를 나란히 쓰지 않는다. ex) his this book (×), a my friend (×), most the firms (×) ∙all, both, 배수사(half, double, twice)를 전치한정사라 하며, 이들은 예외적으로 한정사 앞에 위치할 수 있다. ex) all those cars, both his bright sons, buy it at twice(half) the price ∙서수가 기수 앞에 위치한다. ex) the first two chapters, the last four runners ∙부정대명사(some, any, all, many, most) 또는 부분표시어(half, part, the rest, two thirds, 20%) + of + 「명사」 구문에서 명사는 특정집단이나 대명사로 표시한다. ex) most of windows (×), some of firms (×), all of students (×) |
Have you ever met (his pretty three, his three pretty) sisters?
We'll be moving into either of (these two new, two these new) offices next month.
We won't be able to read (those all, all those) books in a month.
His both daughters are very smart. (○, ×)
Students are encouraged to read (the first two, the two first) chapters carefully.
￭ Most of attempts to export their goods proved a failure. (○, ×)
70. 주의해야 할 형용사 구문
| ∙It is + 감정형용사(glad, happy, sorry, grateful)… (×) ∙난이형용사(difficult, hard, easy, (im)possible, (un)necessary, (un)important, (in)conve nient)는 사람을 주어로 쓰지 않는다. ∙It is + 판단형용사(necessary, required, essential, urgent, important, advisable, desirable, natural, right) + that + S + (should) R |
It is sorry that you are sick. (○, ×)
￭ He thinks that (he is impossible, it is impossible) to attend the conference.
￭ She is difficult to do the task. (○, ×)
cf) He is hard to please. (○)
￭ You can write me back whenever (you are convenient, it is convenient to you).
￭ It is important that she (will read, reads, read) this instructions with care.
￭ It is necessary that every window (close, closes, is closed, be closed).
71. 수량의 정도 표시에 주의해야 경우
| ∙집합의미의 명사(population, family, audience)는 large나 small로 정도를 표시하며, 이미 수치개념이 포함된 단어(price, age)는 high나 low로 그 정도를 표시한다. ∙또한 이들 명사는 How much(many)…? 대신 What…?(또는 How large…?, How high…?)을 이용해 그 정도를 묻는다. |
￭ He has a (many, large) family and lives in the house of which the price is very (much, expensive, dear, high).
￭ (How much, How many, How high, What) is the population of the Philippines?
￭ How much is the price of that? (○, ×)
72. 유사 형태 형용사의 의미 구분
| ∙considerable(상당한)considerate(신중한, 친절한) respectable(훌륭한)respectful(공손한)respective(저마다의) imaginable(상상할 수 있는)imaginary(상상의, 가상의)imaginative(상상력이 풍부한) literary(문학의)literal(글자의)literate(글을 읽고 쓸 줄 아는)illiterate(문맹의) industrial(산업의)industrious(근면한), broke(파산한)broken(부서진) |
He spent (considerable, considerate) time and money on the project.
If children were taught to be more (respectable, respectful, respective) towards their elders, all those crimes would not happen so often.
73. 부사의 형태 관련 주의사항
| ∙형용사 그대로의 부사형과 ly형 부사의 의미가 다른 경우 : close(가까이)closely(긴밀히), deep(깊숙이)deeply(매우), dear(비싸게; 소중히)dearly(매우), hard(열심히; 단단히; 심하게)hardly(거의 …않다), high(높게; 비싸게)highly(매우), near(가까이)nearly(거의), pretty(매우)prettily(예쁘게), fair(공정히)fairly(공정히; 매우) ∙most(대부분의; 대부분; 가장)almost(거의)mostly(대체로), bad(나쁜; 매우)badly(나쁘게; 매우) |
The wind was blowing so (hard, hardly) that I could (hard, hardly) walk any more.
It is (high, highly) unlikely that they will meet each other halfway.
The book was written so (bad, badly) that I didn't get further than the first chapter.
74. 형용사와 부사의 구분
| ∙2형식의 주격보어 또는 5형식의 목적격 보어의 자리에 부사(ly)가 오면 틀린다. ∙명사 앞의 수식어구가 <부 + 형 + 명(a completely free lunch)>의 구조인지, <형 + 형 + 명(a big free lunch)>의 구조인지 유의한다. ∙원급, 비교급 구문에서 비교되는 품사가 형용사인지 부사인지에 유의한다. |
￭ This medicine may prove poisonously if taken in large quantities. (○, ×)
￭ The food smelled so deliciously that I couldn't keep my mouth from watering. (○, ×)
￭ It is always an (extreme, extremely) difficult job to get your first novel published.
￭ The heavy soil of the Delta produces (exceptionally, exceptional) high yields of rice and wheat.
The older we grow, the more (cautious, cautiously) we become. But some people behave as (indiscriminate, indiscriminately) as ever.
75. 주요 부사의 용법
| ∙very + 형용사․부사 / 원급 / …ing / the very same / the very tallest / very late ∙much + 동사, 비교급 / 최상급 / …ed / much the same / much the tallest / much too late ∙too는 긍정동의에, either는 부정동의에 쓰인다. ∙hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, neither : 중복부정×, 문두 강조시 무조건 도치 ∙A rather than B는 <B라기 보다는 오히려 A인>의 뜻이고, A other than B는 <B가 아니라 A인(=except)>의 뜻이다. |
￭ This was (the very same, very the same) church where we were married, and it looks (very, much) the same as years ago.
He is always (too much, much too) late for an appointment.
￭ You won't need a passport, and you hardly need a visa, either. (○, ×)
￭ The thief had not (even, scarcely) gone a mile when he got caught. Hardly do the police (ever, never) miss a lawbreaker nowadays.
￭ His hair covers his eyes, so that you cannot hardly see his face. (○, ×)
Being a scholar doesn't mean being a boring person with no interests (rather than, other than) science. Scholars are unsociable (rather than, other than) boring.
76. 부사의 위치 관련 주의사항
| ∙긍정문과 의문문에선 still, yet 어느 것이나 쓸 수 있다. 단, <부정문>에선 still은 부정어 앞에, yet은 부정어 뒤에 위치한다. ∙형용사 enough(명사 수식)는 명사의 전후 어디에나 위치할 수 있지만, 부사 enough(형용사, 부사, 동사 수식)는 후치한다. ∙부사가 형용사․부사를 수식할 때는 바로 앞에서 수식한다. ∙<타동사 + 부사>의 타동사구는 목적어가 대명사인 경우는 turn it off처럼 타동사와 부사의 사이에 위치하며, 일반 명사인 경우는 turn the switch off 또는 turn off the switch처럼 어느 쪽에나 위치할 수 있다. |
￭ Karen (still, yet) hasn't finished cleaning up the house.
￭ We got to the airport (enough early, early enough) because there was little traffic on the road.
cf) They gathered enough money(=money enough) to start a new business.
￭ I know (how it is difficult, how difficult it is) to finish it in a day.
cf) However stupid she is, she won't believe it.
"Do I need to wear the seatbelt?" "Sure, you should (put on it, put it on).
cf) Look at the picture. Look into it more carefully.
77. 비교구문에서 부정어 및 정도표시 부사어의 위치 : 약속 틀 바로 앞
| ∙He is almost(nearly, just, exactly, half, twice, not) as bright as she. ∙He is much(even, still, far, by far, a lot, a little, twice, not) brighter than she. ∙He is much(far, by far, not) the brightest boy in the class. (=the very brightest boy) |
￭ In Spain football is (many times as popular, as many times popular) as bullfighting.
Car prices in Britain are (very higher, much higher) than those in other countries
￭ He is (much the, the much, very the, the very) cleverest man I ever know.
78. 비교구문 일반 주의사항
| ∙형용사나 부사를 비교급․최상급으로 쓸 때 <er, est>의 형태와 <more, most>의 형태를 이중으로 겹쳐 쓰면 틀린다. cf) the impatientest student (×) ∙집단한정 비교(…중에서) : 비교 틀의 선택에 유의하고, the를 생략하지 않는다. 비교급 : He is the politer of the two. (of the twins, of the ears, between the two) 최상급 : He is the politest of the three. (of all, among them, in the company) ∙동일인․물 비교 원급 : He is as tall as (tall) can be. He acted as wisely as possible.(=as…as one can) 비교급 : He is more polite than shy. (=rather…than) 최상급 : She is happiest with us. This lake is deepest at this point. (the×) |
That is one of (the longest, the most longest) rivers in our country.
cf) He is less polite than she is. (○, ×)
Among the managers, he is (the politer, the politest).
This is the least dangerous method of the two. (○, ×)
79. 주의해야 할 원급․비교급․최상급 구문
| ∙He is as bright as any. He is as polite as ever. ∙not so much a father as a dictator = not a father so much as a dictator = less a father than a dictator = more a dictator than a father = rather a dictator than a father = a dictator rather than a father ∙He has as many as five kids. He has gained as much as 10 pounds. ∙이미 비교급 형태인 superior, senior, preferable 등의 라틴계 비교급은 그 앞에 more, very가 오면 틀린다. 또한 뒤에도 than이 아닌 「to」를 이용하여 비교대상을 취한다. ∙이중 비교구문 : 원급 및 비교급 중 어느 한 틀이 누락되지 않도록 유의한다. ex) He is as clever as or possibly cleverer than she is. ∙동일인․물 최상급 비교, 소유격 뒤의 최상급, 부사의 최상급은 the를 붙이지 않는다. |
"He is not so much a manager (as, than) a tyrant." "Right! He is (more, less) a manager than a tyrant.
￭ The new president is (more, very, much, far) superior to the old one. And for him, retraining the existing employees is (more, rather) preferable to hiring new ones.
He is as clever as, if not cleverer, she is. (○, ×)
cf) He is as clever as she, if not cleverer. (○)
At that time China was the world's (most, the most) powerful country.
80. 원급 및 비교급을 이용한 최상급 의미 표현
| ∙He is the politest manager in the company. (최상급) ∙No manager in the company is so polite as he. (원급) ≒ He is as polite as any in the company. ∙No manager in the company is politer than he. (비교급) = He is politer than any other manager in the company. = He is politer than (all) the other managers in the company. |
￭ (No, More, Little, Few) language is so widely spoken as English in the world.
￭ Jack is taller than any other boys in the class. (○, ×)
81. 원급 및 비교급 구문에서의 비교대상의 병치
| ∙원급 및 비교급 구문에서 비교가 되는 대상은 가능한 한 동일한 문법적 구조나 형태로 나타내준다. (형태적 병치, 내용적 일치) ∙A is different from B, A is similar to B, A is like B, A outgrow(excel, exceed, surpass, top) B 등의 구문도 일종의 비교구문임에 유의한다. |
￭ To answer quickly is more important than answering accurately. (×)
￭ We should donate some money as well as working some extra hours. (×)
￭ His idea is more practical than you. (×)
￭ The climate of Italy is somewhat like Florida. (×)
￭ He studied a little longer abroad than home. (○, ×)
￭ It is just as important to submit the report in time as (do, to do, doing) it neatly.
￭ The number of female teachers far exceeds male teachers. (○, ×)
￭ It is not so much your fault as Tom. (○, ×)
6. 명사․관사․대명사
82. 집합명사의 수
| ∙일반 집합명사 : 일반 집합명사(family, committee, audience, team)는 집합체 자체(껍데기)를 의미하면 단수(=단순집합명사적 용법), 구성원들(알맹이)을 의미하면 복수(=군집명사적 용법) 취급한다. ∙항 군집명사 : 항상 구성원들을 의미하는 집합명사를 말하며 복수 취급한다. the를 붙여쓰는 the police, the jury, the clergy 류와, the 없이 쓰는 people, cattle 류가 있다. ∙항 단순집합명사(=집합적 물질명사) : 항상 집합체 자체를 의미하는 equipment, merchandise, clothing, baggage, machinery(jewelry, scenery, weaponry, stationery, poetry, pottery) 등을 말하며 단수 취급한다. 또한 이들은 불가산명사이다. (a×, (e)s×) |
￭ His family (is, are) very large, and his family (has, have) all got red hair.
￭ The cattle which (was, were) raised on that farm have been stolen, and the police (is, are) looking into this case.
￭ A lot of merchandise (has, have) been loaded into the truck.
83. 명사의 전용 : 불가산명사의 가산명사화(=보통명사화)
| ∙물질명사 : a fire, a rain, an iron, a bronze, a precious stone, glasses ∙추상명사 : a beauty, a democracy, a favor, an invention, an authority, a pity, a success, a failure, It was a great experience., It was a great pleasure ∙고유명사 : three Picassos, an Edison, a Mr Smith, the Browns, a Ford, an Apple |
Everything she does is a tremendous success. (○, ×)
Doctors have been trying to find (cure, a cure) for cancer for many years.
84. 불가산명사
| ∙절대 불가산명사 : information, news, evidence, advice, knowledge, fun, leisure, luck, progress, traffic, weather, health, 집합적 물질명사 ∙불가산명사와 가산명사의 뜻이 다른 명사 : company(동료, 친구)a company, hair(머리)a hair(한 올), room(여지)a room, have time(시간)have a good(hard) time(때, 경험), authority(권위, 권한)an authority(권위자)authorities(당국), office(직무)an office, worka work of artworks(공장, 공사)a job |
￭ This book gives useful informations on how to repair cars. (○, ×)
￭ They put together the evidences to form one coherent explanation. (○, ×)
￭ We had (hard time, a hard time) finding our way to his house.
She has a black hair. (○, ×)
Employment agencies help people find (jobs, works), and a fee is charged for their (work, works).
85. 형태와 수에 주의해야 하는 명사들
| ∙단복 동형의 명사 : means, species, series, Japanese, Chinese, sheep, deer, aircraft ∙단수 취급하는「s」명사 : measles, billiards, news, the United Nations, 학문명 ∙단․복수의 뜻이 다른 분화명사 : good(선, 득)goods(상품), a mannermanners(예의), waterwaters(바다), cloth(천)clothes(옷), regardregards(안부), respectrespects(문안), a spectaclespectacles(안경), armarms(무기), a letterletters(문학) ∙상호복수명사 : shake hands with, make friends with, change cars, be on good terms with, take turns (at) …ing |
￭ There (is, are) a lot of means of learning the truth.
￭ The news of the event (have, has) become part of the cultural debate.
￭ In the market they were busy selling their good. (○, ×)
We can take (turn, turns) driving on the way.
86. 그 밖의 명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙an angel of a wife, a palace of a house ∙불가산명사인 물질․추상 명사는 부정 양 형용사(much, little), 부정 수량공통 형용사(some, a lot of), 조수사를 이용해 그 정도나 양을 표시한다. ex) a cup of(two cups of) water, a piece of(many pieces of) advice ∙of + 추상명사 = 형용사 : of + use, ability, value, help, importance, industry ∙She is beauty itself. = She is all beauty. = She is very beautiful. = She is a beauty. ∙the table's legs (×), the car's door (×) |
87. 부정관사 및 정관사의 주의 용법
| ∙They are selling shoes for 20$ a pair. (=per) ∙of a mind, of an age, of a height (=the same) ∙한정 의미 강조 : the tallest boy, the first chapter, the only way, the same means, the very thing, the late Mr. Gore, the English language, the Seoul city ∙악기명 : Do you play the piano? ∙신체 부위 : pull sb by the hand, stare sb in the face, pat sb on the shoulder ∙배분의 단위 : be sold by the pound, be paid by the day ∙후치 한정어구의 수식을 받는 명사 : the Edison of Korea, the water in this bottle ∙the + 형용사 = 복수 보통명사 : the young, the dying, the injured, the unemployed |
Birds of (feather, a feather, the feather) flock together.
He used to play (guitar, the guitar) when he was in bad mood.
￭ The wounded (was, were) carried to the nearest hospital by ambulance.
He had kindness to show me the way. (○, ×)
88. 관사를 붙여쓰지 않는 경우
| ∙보어로 쓰인 관직․지위․신분, 자격의 as 뒤 : They elected him mayor. ∙본래의 용도로 쓰인 건물․장소․가구 : go to bed(court, hospital), in church(class, bed, at table(school) ∙계절․식사․운동․학과명 : like summer, have dinner, play baseball, hate math ∙중병 : die of cancer, suffer from pneumonia cf) have a cold(a fever, a headache) ∙by + 교통․통신 : by bus(plane, train, air), by letter(mail, fax) ∙as 도치양보절의 문두 명사 : Little boy as he was, he was very considerate. |
89. 주의해야 할 관사의 위치
| ∙일반 경우 : a very polite person ∙such, many, what + a(n) + 형용사 + 명사 ex) such a fine day, such fine days, such fine weather ∙so, as, too, how, however + 형용사 + a(n) + 명사 ex) so fine a day(○), so fine days (×), so fine weather (×) cf) so + many, few, much, little + 명사 |
It was (such a cold day, so cold a day) that I decided to stay indoors.
He is (as a competent worker, as competent a worker) as can be.
￭ It was (such, so) cold weather that I decided to stay indoors.
She always buys so expensive clothes. (○, ×)
90. 인칭대명사․재귀대명사․소유대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙아이(baby, infant, kid, child, newborn, fetus)나 동물은 ‘성별이 미확인된 경우’ 중성인 it으로 받는다. ∙동격에 쓰이는 인칭대명사의 격에 유의한다. ∙주어와 목적어가 같을 경우, 목적어는 인칭대명사가 아니라 재귀대명사로 쓴다. ∙재귀대명사의 관용적 용법 : in spite of oneself(무의식적으로, 자신도 어쩔 수 없이), beside oneself(제 정신이 아닌, 미친), for oneself(혼자 힘으로), by oneself(홀로), to oneself(독점하여, 혼자만), in itself(본질적으로, 그 자체로서), of itself(저절로), between ourselves(우리끼리 이야기지만) |
￭ That child is a torment to its parents. (○, ×)
￭ The gray squirrel jumped to the roof of the porch to escape (his, its) enemy.
￭ He specifically told them, Bob and he, to get ready. (○, ×)
￭ When our body is ill, it tries to regain strength by cooling (it, itself).
￭ The spectators arranged (them, themselves) so that everyone could see the show.
￭ The accident forced (him, himself) to quit his job, so he had to find another job.
91. 지시대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙후치 한정어구의 수식을 받는「the + 명사」는 that 또는 those로 나타낼 수 있으며, 이 때의 수에 유의한다. ∙He has such a great ability that everyone envies him. (=so great an ability) = His ability is such that everyone envies him. (=His ability is so great that…) = Such is his ability that everyone envies him. (=So great is his ability that…) ∙긍정문, and so + V + S : 무조건 도치, 대동사 선택에 유의 ∙the same, the same…as, the same…that, much the same, the very same |
The wages in our company are almost similar to (that, those) in your company.
He is just a new employee and should be treated (such as, as such).
￭ (Such great, So great) was her kindness that we wrote her a thank-you letter.
He has changed a lot, and so (is, was, does, has) she.
This is same car as I used to drive. (○, ×)
92. 부정대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙one(=a + 명사)은 불가산명사를 대신하면 틀린다. ∙One should do one's(his) best to make oneself(himself) worthwhile. ∙one(처음 하나․한명), another(또 다른 하나․한명나머지 있음 전제), the other(나머지 하나․한명), others(또 다른 것들․사람들; 타인), the others(나머지 모두) ∙Every man and woman has donated his blood. (=his or her) ∙every two weeks = every second week = every other week = on alternate weeks ∙either와 neither는 2를 전제로 하며 항상 단수로 취급한다. ∙None of the students know(s) about it. None of the information is revealed. ∙Anyone can not solve the problem. (×) |
I prefer white wine to red one. (×)
No one can blame him for doing (one's, his) duty.
To know is one thing and to explain it to others is (another, other, the other).
￭ He is so careless that our advice goes in one ear and out (another, the other).
Each and every employee has expressed their anger. (×)
￭ They take away garbage every three days. (○, ×)
￭ Do either of you want a part-time job? (○, ×)
Any of his two ideas is enough to reduce our risk. (○, ×)
I'm afraid we don't seem to have coffee; there (is, are) none left.
93. 의문대명사 관련 주의사항
| ∙<정도․방법>은 how로 묻지만, <의견>은 what으로 묻는다. ∙목적격 whom의 자리에 주격 who가 대신할 수 있다. ex) Who are you waiting for? (○) ∙How is the weather? = What is the weather like? |
￭ (How, What) do you think of his plan?
cf) How do you like his plan?
What do you say to his plan?
For who are you waiting? (○, ×)
7. 일치․특수구문․문체론
94. 주어와 동사의 수 일치 주의구문
| ∙There (have, has) been a lot of changes happening lately. ∙His parents as well as his sister (is, are) supposed to get here. ex) A accompanied by B, A coupled with B, A as well as B, A along with B, A together with B, A with B ∙Neither you nor she (are, is) responsible for the failure. ex) neither A nor B, either A or B, A or B, not A but B, not only A but also B ∙A number of cars (is, are) parked in the neighborhood on weekends. The number of cars visiting here (is, are) on the steady increase. ∙Many people (have, has) come here to enjoy the holiday. Many a person (have, has) come here to enjoy the holiday. ∙One of the factories that (produce, produces) cars wants to relocate. The only one of the factories that (produce, produces) cars wants to relocate. ∙All work and no play (have, has) left him friendless. ex) slow and steady, a needle and thread, a watch and chain, curry and rice ∙Five months (have, has) passed since I came here. Five months (are, is) too short for us to finish the task. ∙Whether he will join us or not (don't, doesn't) matter at all. ∙His shoes (are, is) old, so a new pair of shoes (are, is) perfect for this birthday. ex) a pair(set, pack) of, a group of, a series of |
￭ There was only seventeen cents left with us. (○, ×)
￭ Neither her appearance nor her manners was satisfactory. (○, ×)
￭ Either the landlord or his wife were not telling the truth. (○, ×)
￭ The total number of houses under water amounts to 1500. (○, ×)
￭ Many a person have inquired concerning a recent message of mine. (○, ×)
￭ That is the only one of those watches that require no winding. (○, ×)
￭ Bread and butter was all we had. (○, ×)
￭ A series of meetings was held recently regarding the crisis. (○, ×)
95. 수량공통 부정대명사와 부분표시어의 수
| ∙some, most, all, enough, part, half, the rest, two thirds, 20% + of + 명사 구문의 수는 모집단인 명사에 그 수를 일치시킨다. |
￭ One fourth of a worker's income are paid in taxes and social security. (○, ×)
￭ Two thirds of the surface of the earth are water. (○, ×)
￭ I really like his novels, some of which (is, are) on my bookshelf.
￭ When two thirds of the ship (was, were) under water, half of the passengers (was, were) already drowned.
96. 명사와 대명사의 수 일치
| ∙Few husbands are willing to give a hand to (his, their) wives. ∙Many a man is afraid of losing (his, their) jobs. ∙We must know that the regulations are neither simple nor obvious as we expected (it, them) to be. |
￭ Very few colleges these days refuse (its, their) admission on grounds of age alone.
97. 무조건 도치 : 조․be동사는 직접 S 앞으로, 일반동사는 do동사로 대신해서 S 앞으로
| ∙부정어구를 문두에 강조할 때 Never have I dreamed of such a weird thing before. Not only was he disappointed but he got angry. Little does he realize the importance of this project. Hardly had I got into the building when it began to rain. ∙한정어구를 문두에 강조할 때 Only then could I recognize her. Only when he called my name did I turn back and see him. ∙정도 강조어를 문두에 강조할 때 So great is her ability that they praise her. ∙긍정 동의 및 부정 동의 He is greedy and so is his wife. He doesn't enjoy see food, nor(=and neither) does his wife. |
￭ Rarely will you meet a character exactly like yourself in fiction.
￭ Not until the Enlightenment did societies seriously question the state's power to kill.
￭ Not only did they ignore the protest, but they also lied to the press.
￭ Only now are we beginning to come to terms with the social temblors the event triggers.
￭ So great was the force coming out of the Chinese monk's hands that it was known to lift a grownup man from the seat.
98. 부가의문 : S + V, Vn't + S´?
| ∙긍정→부정, 부정→긍정, 조동사․be동사→조동사․be동사, 일반동사→do동사 ∙부가의문의 주어는 인칭대명사가 원칙이며, 단 there 구문은 there로 일치시킨다. ∙had better→hadn't, would rather→wouldn't, used to→didn't, ought to→shouldn't, have to→don't ∙복문은 There is no one here that you want, is there?처럼 주절에 일치시키지만, 판단동사 I think(believe, guess, imagine, suppose, presume) that… 구문은 종속절(=목적절)에 일치시킨다. |
You have to wear the seatbelt in your country, (haven't, don't) you?
I don't think the girl over there is pretty, is she? (○, ×)
I don't think he is smart, do I? (○, ×)
99. 병치
| ∙대등접속사의 앞 뒤 He enjoys fresh air, sunshine, and to take long walks. (×) Her duties are to receive visitors, to check mails and typing letters. (×) She made me go back to college, study hard, and to attain a degree. (×) cf) To teach is to learn. To know is one thing and to teach is another. ∙대등 상관접속사구의 A, B The regulations are neither so simple nor obvious. (×) I waited not only for you but your sister. (×) This is not to help the employers but provide work for the newly employed. (×) Research continues both home and abroad. (×) I object to war not because it drains the economy but that it seems inhuman. (×) |
He is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad. (○, ×)
He died at the age of 70, friendless and no money. (○, ×)
100. 간결성 : 중복 서술 금지
| ∙Normally, my father usually keeps early hours. (×) ∙Of nearly approximately 5,000 stars, only several hundred have proper names. (×) ∙This is a wordy and redundant article. (×) ∙The reason she lost the key was because she was careless. (×) ∙Whenever she is in trouble, she always asks me for help. (×) ∙Don't overwork yourself too much. (×) ∙repeat…again, proceed(advance)…forward, return…back, join…together (×) ∙visible to the eyes, audible to the ears, The sound sounded like… (×) cf) visible to the naked eyes, visible to one eye (○) ∙Diamonds they are the most precious of all stones. (×) ∙Strangely, that it turned out that way. (×) ∙Though he was exhausted, but he helped us. (×) ∙Because he was so excited that he didn't hear his name called. (×) |
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